Power Semiconductor Devices Essay -- Power Conversion Essays

Force Semiconductor Devices Presentation Today there are many force semiconductor gadgets utilized in various utilizations of intensity change. The diode is perhaps the most seasoned semiconductor gadgets is still uncontrollably utilized today in power hardware. Diodes are found in for all intents and purposes all force changes over in some structure. Therefore our conversation will be centered around the utilization of intensity diodes. Force Diodes are two terminal electronic gadgets that license current stream overwhelmingly one way. Diodes are made out of diversely doped silicon or germanium limited together at an intersection. Reason As an Electrical Engineering gaining practical experience in Power Electronics it is critical to understanding the utilization of various sorts of diodes in power gadgets. The innovation behind the improvement of pn intersections and strong state gadgets is constantly progressing. This is the reason it is imperative to be educated regarding the most present day advances of one of the world’s most established force semiconductor gadgets. This paper will concentrate on the development and evaluations of different sorts of intensity diodes to pass on the significance diodes have power hardware. Force Diodes: Force diodes are replacements to the absolute first semiconductor gadgets. Force diodes are fundamentally utilized as uncontrolled rectifiers to change over single-stage or three-stage AC voltage to an undulated DC voltage. Commonly they are built of a blend of contrastingly doped silicon or germanium. Most regular are the silicon diodes since they can work at higher flows and intersection temperatures then germanium diodes. All diodes are gadgets that lead current in just a single heading. At whatever point the voltage on the anode is sure as for the cathode, the dio... ...e a diode that will fulfill the necessities of the circuit while expanding by and large circuit effectiveness and looking after unwavering quality. Through improved present day structure methods diodes are not, at this point a frail segment, and are getting progressively significant in power gadgets with the expansion interest for higher force quality and force proficiency. Works Cited: N. Mohan, T.M. Undeland, W.P. Robbins, â€Å"Power Electronics†, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.  © 2003 Timothy L. Skvarenina, â€Å"The Power Electronics Handbook† CRC Press LLC  © 2002 Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings Volume 483, â€Å"Power Semiconductor Materials and Devices† Materials Research Society  © 1998 â€Å"Dura-Bilt5i MV Engineering Reference Book†, GE Toshiba Automation Systems, U.S.A.  © 2003 Kilowatt Classroom: Electrical Training Seminars - Web Site Home Page http://www.kilowattclassroom.com/

Reconstruction In South Essays - Slavery In The United States

Remaking In South While perusing Eric Foner's book I came to value the challenges the liberated dark slaves experienced for instance, how the past slave possessing class kept on controlling the liberated slaves. Likewise, I was dazzled at the incredible penance they made when endeavoring to get taught. Finally I was amazed at the seriousness of oppression and maltreatment of blacks that was as yet thought to be legitimate after they were liberated. At the point when the name of slave was expelled from the dark American, it was intended to explain that they were people. People qualified to partake in America's general public and culture. Be that as it may, bigotry precluded them the benefits from claiming the American resident. In spite of the fact that they were does not slave anymore, they were as yet viewed as savages, unintelligent, and the least class of individual in the United States. Abraham Lincoln marked the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863. The Proclamation set the American slave populace free. Be that as it may, it didn't demonstrate how new Black residents would be consolidated into the free society. Liberation would rethink how blacks saw themselves and their desires, and it would reclassify the work framework. Blacks accepted that they could similarly partake in flourishing and progress with whites. Blacks frantically needed to climb in social standing and become taught. They wanted education. They needed to plant their own yields and get the opportunity to sell them for benefit. They needed to buckle down for the opportunity of a superior life for their youngsters. The promise to racial oppression in the South started with the grower's goal of keeping the establishment of servitude. Whites apparent liberation as uncompensated liquidation of the country's biggest convergence of private property and a redefinition of the spot of blacks in American society(p.2). Blacks considered liberation to be their chance to get engaged with society without the weight of being claimed by somebody. The work arrangement of free work versus subjugation contained a progress that couple of in the south were happy to suit. Grower went from claiming blacks as property, to arranging a compensation in return for their work. In spite of the fact that blacks were proclaimed free, some were required to sign a yearly agreement that guaranteed administration to one grower. On the off chance that a free dark decided not to sign the agreement, he was threatened into marking. The hidden message was clear, sign or have you and your family live in consistent dread of misuse. With these agreements, grower fixed power and directed all subtleties of the lives of blacks. Blacks were firmly directed to the point that the pace of work they wanted was routinely tested. The freedmen were convinced to sign the agreement so as to save the work framework that had been common in the South. By deliberately marking and sticking to contracts, the two grower and freedmen would build up the propensities for a free work economy and come to comprehend their central amicability of interests(p.75). The Southern white grower would decide these interests. The agreements themselves bound the freedmen into a proceeded coerced type of subjection. At collect time, most grower didn't pay the blacks their earned wages. Blacks would work the whole season just to be left with the sentiment of urgency that was indistinguishable from servitude. A few agreements specified that if a yield bombed the blacks would get nothing and fines could be charged against their wages if the grower decided the work was unsuitable. A few agreements permitted the grower to punish full wages collected if the freedmen left work. On certain ma nors physical ruthlessness and flogging proceeded as though subjugation never finished. The general objective for equivalent treatment for the freedmen was negated as inactive white men were never required to sign a work contract (p.76). The South needed the pleasantries that the North had, as long as the essential wellspring of work went undisturbed. Reclassifying the dark work power could jeopardize the whole financial framework bought in by the South. The partiality and promise to the continuation of a manor slave work framework restricted in general advancement in the South. Southern grower would not acknowledge that blacks were free Americans and could leave the zone. Blacks anyway observed things in an unexpected way. At the underlying possibility of being free, they considered themselves to be a resident of the U.S.

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 58

Contextual investigation Example The arrangement was touchy to passionate and physical elements. It would improve the organizations open picture at long last. By permitting the utilization of the premises, the firm maintains individual qualities. It would make a generous connection between the groups of the people in question and the firm (Bill 1-2). The answer for the emergency would help the firm set up the substance of the dangers. It would draw a structure for assessing the choices for responding to the emergency. The administration will have the opportunity to figure the likelihood of achievement or level of dangers by making the way for the people in question. The arrangement helped with deciding the sureness or vulnerability of helping the people in question. On the off chance that it were past their range, they could have counseled the specialists. There were inconveniences of the answer for open the entryway for the people in question. The representatives of the firm will be debilitated. They will feel the administration didn't include them in settling on the method of reasoning of opening the entryway for the survivors of the impact. It will decrease the trust of the workers towards the representatives. The administration didn't consider making the emergency mindfulness among the workers. The workers didn't take an interest in explaining the destinations of understanding the emergency. In that circumstance, the CEO ought to have included the staff in surveying the circumstance and include them in the principle dynamic (Archer 289-299). The choice would have caused obligation issues. It was essential for the CEO to think about the legitimate parts of the business. Our present society is excessively quarrelsome. It requires the organizations to think about administrative viewpoints. By making the way for the people in question, it will make concerns the investors and financial specialists of the firm. The financial specialists may feel the CEO acted against the business guidelines and laws. What's more, the firm will encounter some level of reimbursement. Moreover, the choice to open the entryway may damage the

NoTopic Needed Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

NoTopic Needed - Essay Example The primary factor is culture. Culture has been named as a people’s lifestyle involving people’s convictions, qualities and standards. Culture influences utilization propensities, people’s ways of life and even access to data. Heftiness instructors so as to fathom this hindrance need to comprehend a network culture before they can propose any technique to manage weight. A social evaluation must be done to evoke convictions, qualities, standards and language so as to structure compelling weight training programs (Tripp-Reimer, Skemp, Choi, and Enslein, 2001). The subsequent boundary is the substance of the projects with the end goal that these give an excess of detail on the pathophysiology and too small in regards to the every day the board of the ailment. To explain this, instructors must draw in with the network in center gatherings before starting projects to address those territories of most noteworthy concern (Tripp-Reimer, Skemp, Choi, and Enslein, 2001). T hird is learning styles with the end goal that various networks and individuals require distinctive learning styles. A few societies have a solid oral convention and in this way understanding instruction ought to be fixated on illustrations, narrating and so on to pass on wellbeing messages (Tripp-Reimer, Skemp, Choi, and Enslein, 2001). Heftiness can be forestalled with using powerful techniques. The best methodology or systems that can be utilized in the anticipation of weight are the essential counteraction procedures. These target tending to the main driver of the issue, diminishing the probability of advancement of an illness or confusion. Infection anticipation targets decreasing the probability that an illness will influence a network or individual, hindering or easing back its encouraging or the decrease of inability (Dehghan, Akhtar-Danesh, and Merchant, 2005). The first of such techniques is the movement. Physical action has been seen as perhaps the best system to forestall weight. Running, running and strolling, participating in donning exercises all assistance in consuming access calories

Be yourself or create yourself

Be yourself or create yourself So drastic and inevitable, the leap from high school to college seems like the perfect opportunity to change yourself and become the person you’ve always wanted to be more outgoing, more aggressive, perhaps more generous. That hope was certainly true of me, and from chatting with friends, assuming a newer and better identity in college was a common aspiration. The Great Gatsby, “the Great American Novel”, is a book most of us have to go through to graduate high school. It’s also a book that has left me with a great dilemma: be yourself or create yourself just which one is it? I wager that half of the successful and famous people will tell you, “just be yourself”, and the other half (plus the countless pseudo-inspirational quotes on Tumblr) will tell you, “you don’t find yourself, you create yourself”. In the novel, James Gatz created and became Jay Gatsby the wealthier, glitzier, suaver version of himself that he put forth to win over the love of his life. Forgive me if I spoil the ending, but “Jay Gatsby” does not succeed in that one goal. For me, MIT was a golden opportunity to “create myself”, even literally. Since “Jenny” is not on any of my official documents, I could’ve came to MIT and introduced myself as Chloe (which I mention in my blogger intro). I’ve always thought Jenny was too common of a name and coming to MIT confirmed those suspicions; there are at least three other Asian Jenny’s in the class of 2013. Ultimately, I wasn’t brave enough to follow through. But freshman year at MIT was also fertile ground for challenging other aspects of myself beyond my name hobbies, likes/dislikes, means of socialization, etc. were all fair game. The diversity of people and options here made me confront the person I was in high school. Frat parties? I’ve never been! Super Smash Bros? I’ve never played! Midnight IHOP runs? I’ve never tried! In the rush of finding friend groups and fitting in, freshman year can be overwhelming socially. Especially with Pass/No Record, it may very well seem like everyone’s hanging out all the time for real or under the guise of pset parties exchanging numbers extensively à la CPW. But in retrospect, the rush of freshman year is also a good time to explore who you really are. For several weeks in fall of 2009, I wondered if I was anti-social it seemed like everyone was hanging out more than me. (The plan was to become more outgoing, not less.) I actually did go to IHOP and a few frats, played Super Smash Bros and other gamesbut choices were definitely made in the process. It’s so easy to get FOMO fear of missing out nowadays because our devices constantly tell us what other people are doing. Not doing everything does not make you anti-social. The tricky part is putting yourself in position for rich, new experiences that could somehow shape your identity. But the exciting part is remembering that you have the power to choose where your time goes. To return to the question of “be yourself or create yourself” , I think the first step is to know yourself so well that the “creating” part becomes natural and authentic. In the three years I’ve been at MIT, I haven’t become any less of an introvert, with enough introvert energy to spend a whole day in my room just reading magazines. But by recognizing that introversion is an irremovable part of me, I chose to maximize bonding activities especially helpful for me simple things like sharing a meal. (Despite all that emphasis on networking, the guaranteed hard times at MIT mean that the depth of friendships will be just as important as the breadth.) I have not really become “Chloe” in any way except that now, “Chloe” seems to be a marker of all the things that are important to me and representative of my experiences. This green basket pictured below carries the valuables I took with me to MIT as well as the valuables I acquired since starting college. This basket helps me remember where I came from and where I’ve been, which in my experience, really helps in deciding where to go next. There are books and notebooks that I used in high school to learn French and Korean, the two languages I hope to master someday. I visited Korea last winter so France is definitely next on the list. There is a mini-Bible from before college, but I actually just became Christian last semester. I acquired a copy of Strunk White’s The Elements of Style after my decision to change from architecture to media/journalism.   But of course, you can’t possibly always know what’s good for you. MIT is also breeding ground for those out-of-comfort-zone moments that can uncover new things you love and value. Practically speaking, this probably means all sorts of study abroad experiences, out-of-the-blue work opportunities, accompanying a friend when he or she wants to go somewhere on a whim, etc. Or on some funky days, it might actually mean becoming Chloe, even if its just at Starbucks. (And Genevieve; my dear friend Kathryn accompanied me.)

Charles Darwins Theory Of Evolution To Explain The Origin Of Man - 1375 Words

Charles Darwin's Theory Of Evolution To Explain The Origin Of Man (Essay Sample) Content: Edward odhiamboHistory Government (232/1)Dr. Samuel MadianyApril, 2018The Evolution Stages Leading To the Rise of Human BeingOverviewThe human being, commonly referred to as man in historical books, possesses unique features that distinguish him from other creatures. This triggers questions such as the origin of man and the universe at large. A number of theories have since been developed to explain the origin of man. This study strives to encompass the evolution stages of leading to the rise of human being, with specific focus on Charles Darwin's theory of evolution.For a long time, the history of the origin of man was only unfolded by two theories: The mythical theory and the creation theory. However, Charles Darwin, later developed Evolution theory, that seemed to challenge the former and the latter. In 1859, Darwin published his ideas on the theory of evolution in a book title 'The origin of species by means of natural selection'" (Jacinta, kiruthu, and Muma (eds ), 2011:17). According to Darwin's evolution theory, "all living things evolved from simple living cells to the complex plants and animals we know today. This evolution took place in distinct stages, namely mutation, natural selection, and adaptation" (Jacinta et al. 2011:17). The first apes are believed to have appeared on earth between 40 and 25 million years ago. Owing to the fact that both man and ape belong to the same order, history establishes that man emerged around 4.5 million years ago. According to Darwin's theory, evolution of man occurred in eight distinct stages notably: Aegyptopithecus, Drayopithecus, Kenyapithecus, Austrolopithecus, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo sapiens, and Homo sapiens sapiens.1. Aegyptopithecus"The earliest evidence of portable ancestors of both man and ape, was a monkey-like skull found in the Fuyan Depression of Egypt. It was small, about 4Kg, and was named Aegyptopithecus, meaning Egyptian man" (Jacinta et al. 2011:19). Since Egypt was highl y forested at this time of history, Aegyptopithecus had great adaptation to forest life, hence possessing herbivorous teeth. "Aegyptopithecus had stereoscopic vision and hands which could enable it to jump skillfully from one tree to another" (Jacinta et al. 2011:17). Due to environmental changes, austrolopithecus evolved into a different species known as Dryopithecus africanus.2. Dryopithecus africanus (Proconsul)"The remains of Dryopithecus africanus were found on Rusinga Island, within Lake Victoria, Kenya, in 1948 by Mary and Luois Leakey. The remains consisted of a skull, whose appearance, was a little closer to man, than Aegyptopithecus" (Jacinta et al. 2011:20). Dated back to about 20 million years ago, Dyopithecus africanus was also ape-like, even though its appearance was much closer to that of a man than Aegyptopithecus. The proconsul had smooth forehead with quadrapedal movement. The shape of his jaws and teeth suggested that he ate fruits.3. Kenyapithecus (Ramapithecus)T his was a more advanced creature that featured between 15 to 12 million years ago. "The first remains of Kenyapithecus were discovered at Fort Ternan in Kericho District, Kenya, in 1961 by Dr. Louis Leakey assisted by his wife, Mary" (Jacinta et al. 2011:20). These fossils were rather estimated to be between 15 and 12 million of age.Kenyapithecus had small canines and walked on two legs, making them more human-like as compared to their predecessors. "Ramapithecus, another creature similar to Kenyapithecus, was found in the Siwalikis Hills in Nothern India New Delhi" (Jacinta et al. 2011:20)4. AustrolopithecusAustrolopithecus is a Latin word for "Southern ape". Donald and Henry explain that Austrolopithecus consisted of "a group of extinct primates closely related to, if not actually ancestors of, modern human beings, and known from series of fossils found at numerous sites in eastern, North-central, and Southern Africa" (2018). These apes are believed to have appeared 4. Million yea rs ago, in Savannahs of Southern and Eastern Africa. They were bipedal and their legs were similar to those of modern man. The Austrolopithecus were, however, hairy, had low forehead and large faces. "Their canine teeth were smaller than those found in apes, and their cheek teeth were larger than those of modern humans" (Donald Henry, 2018)"The fossil remains of Austrolopythecus were first discovered at Taung in Botswana by Raymond Dort in 1924" (Jacinta et al. 2011:21). There are four distinct sub-species of Austrolopithecus namely: afarensis, robustus, africanus, and anamensis.5. Homo habilis"Homo habilis, meaning 'man with ability', is the first species of Homo genus. The specimen that led to the naming of this species (OH7), was discovered in 1960, by the Leakey team in Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania" (archaeologyinfo.com(n.d)). This species of early man could grasp objects and make tools. he lived between 2.5 and 1.5 million years ago. "Homo habilis had a brain capacity of about 500 to 800cm3 and was about 5 feet in height" (Jacinta et al. 2011:21). loc.cit, Homo habilis is reported to have made pebble tools and unlike Austrolopithecus, he was omnivorous.According to the intense studies carried out by Leakey's multidisciplinary team, "they placed the material as different from penecontemporary austrolopithecines due to the teeth, which fell outside the known range of A. africanus, with very large incisors" (archaeologyinfo.com(n.d))6. Homo erectusHomo erectus, meaning 'upright man', were some of the early transitional humans who evolved 1.9 million years ago. Some scientific researchers further split this species into two: Homo ergaster (Walking man) and Homo erectus. "The ergaster fossils were presumably somewhat eerier and were found in most parts of Africa. The erectus discoveries have been found widespread in Africa, Asia, and Europe" (Palomer College(n.d)). According to Palomer (n.d) College, "Homo erectus were very successful in creating cultural techno logy that allowed them to adapt to the new environmental opportunities".Homo erectus particularly had body sizes range similar to that of modern humans. "It is the first human ancestor to have similar limb and torso proportionate to those seen in modern humans. It had adopted walking in two feet, in a more open, grass-land environment, rather than swinging from tree branch to branch" (Live Science, 2015). Homo erectus also used technology, culture, and tools for hunting and gathering f...

Battle of Mons in World War I

The Battle of Mons was fought August 23, 1914, during World War I (1914-1918) and was the British Armys first engagement of the conflict. Operating at the extreme left of the Allied line, the British assumed a position near Mons, Belgium in an attempt to stop the German advance in that area. Attacked by the German First Army, the outnumbered British Expeditionary Force mounted a tenacious defense and inflicted heavy losses on the enemy. Largely holding through the day, the British finally fell back due to increasing German numbers and the retreat of the French Fifth Army on their right. Background Crossing the Channel in the early days of World War I, the British Expeditionary Force deployed in the fields of Belgium. Led by Field Marshal Sir John French, it moved into position in front of Mons and formed a line along the Mons-Condà © Canal, just to the left of the French Fifth Army as the larger Battle of the Frontiers was getting underway. A fully professional force, the BEF dug in to await the advancing Germans who were sweeping through Belgium in accordance to the Schlieffen Plan (Map). Comprised of four infantry divisions, a cavalry division, and a cavalry brigade, the BEF possessed around 80,000 men. Highly trained, the average British infantryman could hit a target at 300 yards fifteen times a minute. Additionally, many of the British troops possessed combat experience due to service across the empire. Despite these attributes, German Kaiser Wilhelm II allegedly dubbed the BEF a contemptible little army and instructed his commanders to exterminate it. The intended slur was embraced by the members of the BEF who began to refer themselves as the Old Contemptibles. Armies Commanders British Field Marshal Sir John French4 divisions (approx. 80,000 men) Germans General Alexander von Kluck8 divisions (approx. 150,000 men) First Contact On August 22, after being defeated by the Germans, the commander of the Fifth Army, General Charles Lanrezac, asked French to hold his position along the canal for 24 hours while the French fell back. Agreeing, French instructed his two corps commanders, General Douglas Haig and General Horace Smith-Dorrien to prepare for the German onslaught. This saw Smith-Dorriens II Corps on the left establish a strong position along the canal while Haigs I Corps on the right formed a line along the canal which also bent south along the Mons–Beaumont road to protect the BEFs right flank. French felt this was necessary in case Lanrezacs position to the east collapsed. A central feature in the British position was a loop in the canal between Mons and Nimy which formed a salient in the line. That same day, around 6:30 AM, the lead elements of General Alexander von Klucks First Army began making contact with the British. The first skirmish occurred in the village of Casteau when C Squadron of the 4th Royal Irish Dragoon Guards encountered men from the German 2nd Kuirassiers. This fight saw Captain Charles B. Hornby use his saber to become the first British soldier to kill an enemy while Drummer Edward Thomas reportedly fired the first British shots of the war. Driving the Germans off, the British returned to their lines (Map). The British Hold At 5:30 AM on August 23, French again met with Haig and Smith-Dorrien and told them to strengthen the line along the canal and to prepare the canal bridges for demolition. In the early morning mist and rain, the Germans began appearing on the BEFs 20-mile front in increasing numbers. Shortly before 9:00 AM, German guns were in position north of the canal and opened fire on the BEFs positions. This was followed by an eight-battalion assault by infantry from IX Korps. Approaching the British lines between Obourg and Nimy, this attack was met by heavy fire form the BEFs veteran infantry. Special attention was paid to the salient formed by the loop in the canal as the Germans attempted to cross four bridges in the area. Decimating the German ranks, the British maintained a such a high rate of fire with their Lee-Enfield rifles that the attackers believed they were facing machine guns. As von Klucks men arrived in greater numbers, the attacks intensified forcing the British to consider falling back. On the north edge of Mons, a bitter fight continued between the Germans and the 4th Battalion, Royal Fusiliers around a swing bridge. Left open by the British, the Germans were able to cross when Private August Neiemeier jumped in the canal and closed the bridge. Retreat By afternoon, French was forced to order his men to begin falling back due to heavy pressure on his front and the appearance of the German 17th Division on his right flank. Around 3:00 PM, the salient and Mons were abandoned and elements of the BEF became engaged in rearguard actions along the line. In one situation a battalion of the Royal Munster Fusiliers held off nine German battalions and secured the safe withdrawal of their division. As night fell, the Germans halted their assault to reform their lines. Though the BEF established new lines a short distance south, word arrived around 2:00 AM on August 24 that the French Fifth Army was in retreat to the east. With his flank exposed, French ordered a retreat south into France with the goal of establishing at line along the Valenciennes–Maubeuge road. Reaching this point after a series of sharp rearguard actions on the 24th, the British found that the French were still retreating. Left little choice, the BEF continued to move south as part of what became known as the Great Retreat (Map). Aftermath The Battle of Mons cost the British around 1,600 killed and wounded, including later WWII hero Bernard Montgomery. For the Germans, the capture of Mons proved costly as their losses numbered around 5,000 killed and wounded. Though a defeat, the stand of the BEF bought valuable time for Belgian and French forces to fall back in an attempt to form a new defensive line. The BEFs retreat ultimately lasted 14 days and ended near Paris (Map).  The withdrawal ended with the Allied victory at the First Battle of the Marne in early September.

National Institutes of Health - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 552 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/03/22 Category Health Essay Level High school Tags: Obesity Essay Obesity in America Essay Did you like this example? Abstract Did you know that approximately 31 percent of men and 35 percent of women are considered overweight in America, according to the U.S. Surgeon General? In other words, approximately a third of the adults in America are struggling with obesity! Obesity is a serious and dangerous problem that Americans have to constantly deal with every day. Dangerous effects on physical health, declining mental health, and steady rises in medical expenses are just a few of the problematic struggles that come with obesity. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "National Institutes of Health" essay for you Create order Obesity has had a detrimental influence on the physical health of Americans in the past years. As stated by the National Institutes of Health, the second leading cause of preventable deaths in the United States is obesity, with an estimated 300,000 deaths per year. Heart disease and strokes, type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, pregnancy problems, and kidney disease are some of the health risks that come with having excess weight, to name a few. Another fatal health issue that comes from being overweight is cancer, including gallbladder, kidney, colon and rectum, and breast cancer. Mental health is another factor that can be significantly affected by obesity. Many Americans who wrestle with being overweight or obese, also struggle with eating disorders, depression, low self-esteem, and distorted body image. Recent studies show that among patients with PTSD, 32.6% of them were obese. Also, depression contributes to a lower success of weight loss for obese Americans. When people with a larger body are criticized by other people, it causes the victim to gain low self-esteem which can cause the person to resort to drugs or suicide. The pressure of having to conform to an impractical level of beauty can force people with obesity into anorexia or bulimia, which causes them to not eat enough calories and vital nutrients. The root of obese peoples mental health comes from the judgement, criticism, and insults that come from the world, making them feel insecure. Lastly, obesity has had an immense impact on the economy and families of the obese. In 2006, obesity was responsible for nearly 10 percent of the United States medical costs, approximately $86 billion per year. Also, in 2006, Finkelstein and colleagues found that per capita, medical spendings for obese individuals was an additional $1,429. Healthcare costs for people of normal weight are 37% lower compared to the more expensive medical bills of people who are overweight. Obesity accounted for 10.6% of Medicaid costs and 6.8% of Medicare costs, totaling $21.3 billion. Obesity has impacted individual families tremendously too. Many families struggle to pay for the medical expenses of the obese patient, especially if they dont have insurance. However, there are several ways to improve obesity in America. One way is to simply persuade and encourage those who are obese to overcome the excess weight and lose it. Another way is to change the way foods are marketed towards Americans by making healthy foods less expensive and stop making advertisements for junk food as enticing. The final way to prevent obesity is to start educating and promoting children to make better choices on how they eat and spend their time. By doing all of these things, people can help lower the percentage of obese people in America. America would become a healthier place by reducing the amount of people that struggle with the mental health, physical health, and financial problems that come with obesity.

Calculating Reading Level With the Flesch-Kincaid Scale

Are you writing at an appropriate grade level? There are several scales and calculations used to determine the readability or grade level of a piece of writing. One of the most common scales is the Flesch-Kincaid scale. You can determine the Flesch-Kincaid reading grade level of a paper you’ve written easily in Microsoft Word. There is a tool for this that you access from your menu bar. You can either calculate an entire paper, or you can highlight a section and then calculate it. Steps Go to TOOLS and select OPTIONS and SPELLING GRAMMARSelect the box CHECK GRAMMAR WITH SPELLINGSelect the box SHOW READABILITY STATISTICS and select OKAYTo generate the readability statistic now, select SPELLING AND GRAMMAR from the toolbar at the top of the page. The tool will go through its recommended changes and provide readability statistics at the end You can use a formula to calculate the Flesch-Kincaid reading level on your own. This is a good tool to determine whether a book is going to challenge you Calculating Readability of Your Writing Select a few paragraphs to use as your baseCalculate the average number of words per sentence. Multiply the result by 0.39Calculate the average number of syllables in words (count and divide) Multiply the result by 11.8Add the two results togetherSubtract 15.59 The result will be a number that equates to a grade level. For example, a 6.5 is a sixth-grade reading level result.

The Bill Of Rights Creation And Reconstruction - 1404 Words

In his book titled The Bill of Rights: Creation and Reconstruction, Akhil Amar tries to offer the interpretation of the Bill Rights by evoking the world of framers of the constitution and that of the people who amended the constitution. According to Amar, there are numerous differences about the original bill of rights as they were originally framed and those that are contained in the Fourteenth Amendment of 1868. Amar tries to construct a theory of Bill of Rights that is comprehensive by focusing on the implications that are drawn from constitutional text as well as its structure. Amar points out, â€Å"The main goal of the Federalists was to forge set of the federally enforceable rights which were against the abusive state governments and this resulted to Fourteenth Amendment† (4). The book tries to explain the first 10 amendments by interpreting them and offering the new insights. This essay focuses on discussing the differences between the Founding Fathers Bill of Rights and the Reconstruction Amendments as it argued by Amar. The original First Amendment was passed in 1789 and they were not ratified. However, these laws failed to address the individual rights and they focused more on the structural issues of the political power. According to Amar, the First Amendment focused more on the states’ rights. For instance, it contained a clause that called the Establishment clause, which prohibited the Congress from interfering with churches, which existed in six states. In thisShow MoreRelatedTurning Points in History 1900s1080 Words   |  5 Pageswhich started in Sacramento. The Union Pacific laid 1,087 miles of track, which began in Omaha. In Promontory Summit, Utah these lines were joined together. (The First Transcontinental Railroad. , n.d.) The creation of the Transcontinental Railroad allowed for intercontinental trade. The creation of the railroad now allows for us to have coast to coast rail trips. This allows for more jobs. Because of the railroad it takes less fuel than it would in a tractor and trailer to transfer supplies fromRead MoreEssay on Reconstruction598 Words   |  3 Pageshad been burnt, rail road tracks uprooted, cotton gins wrecked, and the earth scorched in many sections of the defeated land. The nations next task was to rebuild the ruined South and the governments plan to do this is known as Reconstruction. In the South Reconstruction meant rebuilding the economy, establishing new state and local governments and establishing a new social structure between whites and blacks. During the war Lincoln had expanded his presidency. With his power he hoped to set upRead More Characteristics and Impacts of American Reconstruction Essay1548 Words   |  7 PagesCharacteristics and Impacts of American Reconstruction The key goals of Reconstruction were to readmit the South into the Union and to define the status of freedmen in American society. The Reconstruction era was marked by political, not violent, conflict. Some historical myths are that the South was victimized by Reconstruction, and that the various plans of Reconstruction were corrupt and unjust. Actually, the plans were quite lenient, enforcing military rule for only a short periodRead MoreConstitutions Are More Than Fancy Looking Words On An Old Sheet Of Paper1477 Words   |  6 Pagesfollowed by sixteen articles divided into subsections. The material in the document can be broadly described as â€Å"details of policy and governmental organization† (Newell et al. 46). Article One of the Texas Constitution contains a Bill of Rights containing thirty rights (Newell et al. 48). Suffrage is another topic addressed in the Texas Constitution. Many of the rules set forth in the original 1876 Texas Constitution concerning suffra ge became out-dated and were later amended (Newell et al. 53).Read MoreThe American Civil War helped to save the nation by rejoining Union Confederate and as result of800 Words   |  4 Pagesdeclared freed men. However, during the American Reconstruction, the lack of political unity was still very apparent as the South saw Reconstruction as being defeated humiliatingly and thus sought vengeance through the slaves it had lose. Although many slaves did receive their freedom, Reconstruction caused an increase in the white supremacy groups such as the Ku Klux Klan and laws such black codes/ Jim Crow laws/ sharecropping, which limited the rights freed slaves had. This unfortunately caused manyRead MoreAfrican Americans And African American Equality883 Words   |  4 Pagesthan ever for African Americans in the year 1865; Union victory, emancipation, the right to vote, education and opportunity were on the horizon. However, the post-civil war time period proved to be much different tha n anticipated. Although blacks were eager to demonstrate their democratic participation and inclusion, they were often faced with opposition and disenfranchisement, especially during and after reconstruction. This oscillating and contradictory battle for African American equality is seenRead MoreHow Did The Radical Republican s Rise For The Failure Of The Post Civil War Reconstruction?1619 Words   |  7 Pageswar reconstruction? The time between 1863, when Lincoln passed the ten percent act, until the year 1877, when reconstruction was officially ended, will be evaluated with information provided by the sources. The investigation will specifically look to how the Lincoln assassination allowed for the rise in the Radical Republican Party from 1866 to 1868 and the party’s effect on reconstruction acts leading to the failure of the post-civil war reconstruction era. Eric Foner’s novel Reconstruction: AmericaRead MoreU.S. History 1865 to 1945 Worksheet Essay1175 Words   |  5 Pages1. Era of Reconstruction Matrix While completing the Matrix, contrast presidential reconstruction plans with congressional reconstruction. Note key people, major dates, policies, and outcomes for the New South. If necessary, additional rows may be added to the matrix. Plan Key People Dates Policies Outcomes Lincoln’s 10%Plan Abraham Lincoln Andrew Johnson Congress General William Tecumseh Sherman John Wilkes Booth 1860-1864 Wade-Dave Bill The freeman’sRead MoreThe Amendment Of The Fourteenth Amendment1438 Words   |  6 Pagesthe 13th amendment was passed and the American Civil War had officially ended, the Reconstruction era began. During this era, blacks had begun to feel what it was like to be free, but it did not last for long. Despite the 13th amendment passing, the black community was still heavily discriminated against in the south. This discrimination (and destruction of the southern way of life) eventually led to the creation of â€Å"Black Codes† and â€Å"Jim Crow Laws†. In 1865, not long after the passing of the 13thRead MoreAndrew Jackson ´s Dangerous Reconstruction1261 Words   |  6 PagesJohnson’s job to reconstruct the south around this fact. Andrew Johnson’s presidential reconstruction was an important part of post civil war, but his actions, beliefs and circumstances directly and purposefully repressed the development of civil rights for newly freed African American’s! Andrew Johnson desire to have an easy fast restoration to union to his southern counterparts further hurt the chances of civil rights for African Americans to be established. It was 1865 and these African Americans had

Hilton Hotel Free Essays

News Brief Hilton Hotels tops in customer satisfaction http://planyourmeetings. com/2006/06/01/hilton-hotels-tops-in-customer-satisfaction/ By Kristi Casey Sanders Published: June 1, 2006 Hilton Hotels Corporation leads the hotel industry in customer satisfaction, according to the latest statistics from the American Customer Satisfaction Index (ACSI). With a score of 78 points out of a possible 100, Hilton took the leadership position among the seven hotel companies mentioned in the survey. We will write a custom essay sample on Hilton Hotel or any similar topic only for you Order Now Overall, the hotel industry improved 3 percent to 75, equaling its highest score since 1994. Hilton takes great pride in its ACSI customer satisfaction score, which confirms the results of an unparalleled focus and commitment by the 74,000 team members at our owned and managed hotel properties across the country to deliver the best in guest service,† said Dieter Huckestein, president – hotel operations owned and managed for Hilton Hotels Corporation. Hilton’s portfolio of 2,000 hotels includes Hilton, Doubletree, Embassy Suites Hotels, Hampton Inn, Hampton Inn Suites, Hilton Garden Inn and Homewood Suites by Hilton. The ACSI is produced through a partnership of the University of Michigan Business School, ASQ, and CFI Group, which measures customer satisfaction in the competitive hotel industry on a regular basis. The ACSI is updated on a rolling basis. New scores for the hotel industry replace those collected one year ago and are added to scores of five other sectors of the economy measured during the intervening year. One sector that didn’t fare well was the airline industry, which dropped 1. percent to 65, its lowest score since the industry was rocked by 9/11. Southwest Airlines still rules the industry at 74. US Airways made the industry’s biggest jump, improving nearly 9 percent to 62. Northwest Airlines, on the other hand, dropped 4. 7 percent to 61, taking last place in the industry as it struggles with strikes and a Chapter 11 bankruptcy filing. The overall decline was attributed to the airlines’ struggle with labor contracts, bankruptcies and higher fuel prices, lea ving consumers feeling they are getting less for their money. How to cite Hilton Hotel, Essay examples Hilton Hotel Free Essays These things that I learned at last lesson: 1)Product and service difference: Basically ; Products are tangible and services are intangible. For example; Apple Iphone, Coffe Mocha at Starbucks are products,but healthy services sector,home repair service,wireless communication,trip to somewhere ;they dont result ownership of anything. 2)Customer vs. We will write a custom essay sample on Hilton Hotel or any similar topic only for you Order Now consumer :Customer and consumer are not same things. For example;mother buy napkin for her baby and then baby consume it in this situation baby is a consumer, mother is a customer . )Sales dont mean to marketing. Sales cover just selling but marketing process makes the broad strategy. Selling and advertising are only part of larger ‘marketing mix’ marketers purpose satisfying customer needs. 4)Consumer Behavior:’The behavior that consumers display in searching for purchasing,using,evaulating and disposing of products and services that they expect will satisfy their needs’. When ? decide to buy new product what factors influence on me? A)External factors:cultural,social,family rolesstatus,reference groups B)Internal factors:psychological factors(motivation,perception,learning,belief and attitudes) * Consumer behavior includes all the decisions a consumer makes when spending their time and money. The what,why,when,where,and how of consumer purchases are examined. 5)Two consumer entities Personal consumer:the individual who buys goods services for his or her own use for household use. Organizational consumer:Business,government Marketing Concept: Production orientation:company wanted efficient production lines ,not focused product variation. Sales Orientation:overproduction,excess product Marketing concept:focus on customer,expectations of customer,marketers become more sophisticated in understanding the consumer and delivering products that meet their need. Societal Marketing Concept:Consider consumers long run best interest,in this concept marketers are consciousof negative effect health,environment. * Fair trade: trying to give support manufacturer,especially poor companies such as Africa Endonesia. Segmentation,targeting,positioning:Segment:share simialr meet and expectations and enables marketers to target consumers. Divide the total market into smaller segments. (segmentation) Types of segmentation:geographic,demographic(age gender,family size,family life-cycle Marketing mix: The set of tactical marketing tool. 4P=PRODUCT,PLACE,PROMOTION,PRICE. P roduct;goodsservices combination. Place;includes company activities that make the product available to target consumers. for example;using social networks,internet stores. Promotion;activities that malke product availableto target customers,and persuade. (public relation,advertisement,selling process. Customer value:Perceived value is relative and subjective. Developing a value proposition(unique selling proposition) is critical in attaining successful positioning of a broad Customer trust: Recommendation,word of mouth influence on customers,newspaper,websites Customer retention:loyal customer:buy more products, are less price sensitive Customer profitibality-focused marketing: BCG growth-share matrix=each produsct hs different contribution(star,question mark,cash cow,dog) Platinum- heavy user,not price sensitive Gold-heavy user but not as profitable Iron Lead-like dogs in bcg approaches SEYMA TEMEL-135710019 How to cite Hilton Hotel, Essay examples

El Guerra De Los Cien Aos Essay Example For Students

El Guerra De Los Cien Aos Essay El Guerra de los Cien A?os1. El guerra de los cien a?os empez? con un argumento dinastico que origino cuando el conquesto de Inglaterra por William de Normandia cre? un estado que quedo en dos lados del canal Inglaterra. 2. Muchos lideres y reyes participaron en este larga guerra. Unosimportantes personas fueron Eduardo III rey de Inglaterra, Eduardo el Negro Principe de Frances, Juan II de Frances, Joan de Arca, Henry V de Frances. Todos estos reyes y guerrerosjugaron un importante trabajo en este guerra. Los dos paisestenian reyes, so esto era su forma de gobernacion. 3. La sociedad Frances no le gustaba mucho los reyes de Francesas. El ejercito Frances estaba hechado mucho de caballeria y tropas. No dicen cuantos murieron en este guerra, pero sabemos quemillones de personas y soldados murieron en este guerra. Obviamente, sabemos que los Ingles y Frances batallaron,pero tambien emplearon y pagaron a mercenaries para batallaren cualquier lado. 4. En el caso de los Franc?s, el guerra inflicto mucho mis?ria a ellos. Sus tierras de labrantio fueron destruidos y la populacion fue diezmadopor el guerra, hambre, el Muerto Negro, y las guerras civiles. Los Ingles sufrieron igualmente, cesado ser un potencia continental y busco la extension de un potencia naval. 5. Como siempre, los dos lados continuaron cambiando sus reyes y lideres. Para ser un rey o reina tenias que ser un miembro del familia real, nofueron electados como un presidente. 6. 1. El lider Joan of Arc participo en esta guerra, batallo por los Frances y gano muchos batallas. Los Ingles lo cojieron yluego lo ejecutaron. Fue un gran heroe en Frances. 2. Muchos tacticas de guerra que fueron inventadas en este guerra se usan hoy dia por muchos ejercitos. 3. Por los ruinas de la guerra un nuevo Frances emergio.

Gambling Code Beaking Fractles And Home Buying Decisions

Question: Discuss about the Gambling Code Beaking Fractles And Home Buying Decisions? Answer: Gambling Gambling is the wagering of cash or something of material worth on an occasion with an indeterminate result with the essential purpose of winning extra cash and material products. Betting subsequently obliges three components be available: thought, chance and prize. The result of the wager is regularly prompt, for example, a solitary move of ivories or a twist of a roulette wheel, yet more timelines are likewise normal, permitting wagers on the result of a future games challenge or even a whole games season. The present worth X = $250,000. Investment time = 20 years Final outcome should be Y = $1,000,000. Gambling in casinos- The probability of winning in casinos is very less about 20% i.e. P = 0.2 and q = 0.8 if the money returns is 6 times (assuming 6 players) and the man plays once in a month and wins only 2 times and money on each term is $20,000. So the calculations for 20 years- Lost worth = 10*20,000 = $200,000 Won worth = 2*20,000*6 = $240,000 Net increase in one year = $40,000 Total increase in 20 years = $800,000 Total worth = 250,000 + 800,000 = $1,050,000 Stocks- As rate of stock increment is about 5-10% (average 7.5%) per year therefore the total after 20 years will be- P = 250,000*()20 P = $1,061,962 Playing the lottery The lottery winning chances are very-very less about 1 in 500 times therefore if the man plays lottery every month of worth $1000 and money returns is about 100 times so for calculating- If the person can win only twice so worth made = 2*1000*100 = $200,000 Worth lost = 238*1000 = $238,000 Net loss = $38,000 Worth after 20 years = $212,000 Investment- The value of property investment doubles in every 6-7 years therefore if the investment id made of $250,000 then after 20 years the worth will be- P = 250,000*2 + 500,000*2 + 1,000,000*2 P = $3,500,000 Type of gambling Casino Stock Playing lottery Investment Worth after 20 years $1,050,000 $1,061,962 $212,000 $3,500,000 The impacts of gambling on social and economic consequences- Gambling has likewise brought about economical and social expenses to people and families, as well as to groups, as examined in this part. Such expenses incorporate movement clogging, interest for more open base or administrations (streets, schools, police, fire insurance, and so forth.), natural impacts, uprooting of neighborhood occupants, expanded wrongdoing, and neurotic or issue betting. To the degree that obsessive betting adds to chapter 11 and awful obligations, these expand the expense of credit all through the economy. We utilize the expression "expenses" to incorporate the negative outcomes of neurotic betting for card sharks, their prompt social situations, and the bigger group. As we said, the principal strategy inquiry is whether the advantages or the expenses are bigger what's more, by how much. This can in principle be resolved with advantage cost investigation. Confusing such investigation, on the other hand, is the way that social and monetary impacts can be hard to gauge. This is particularly valid for impalpable social expenses, for example, enthusiastic agony and different misfortunes experienced by relatives of a neurotic card shark, and the efficiency misfortunes of workers who are obsessive or issue speculators. Advantageous impacts can likewise be hard to measure and, as with expenses, can fluctuate in sort and extent crosswise over time and betting venues, as well as kind of betting (e.g., lotteries, area based clubhouse, riverboat gambling clubs, bingo, pari-mutuel betting, off track wagering, games wagering). Topic 2: Home buying decisions It's the most essential principle and the most ordinarily disregarded one. In the event that you haven't seen, there is a ton of dispossessions incident. The motivation behind why is that individuals purchased more house than they could bear. When you are getting an advance, don't take out a home loan where the installments are more than a quarter of your take-home pay on a 15-year altered rate contract The 2008 housing market crash was one of the biggest financial crises. In this year the rates get their peak and went the downward. The reasons for this were- The housing bubble- The lodging business experienced unobtrusive however unfaltering development from the time of 1995 to 1999. At the point when money markets smashed in 2000, there was a movement in dollars going far from the share trading system into lodging. To further fuel the lodging rise there was a lot of modest cash accessible for new advances in the wake of the financial subsidence. The beginning of crash- The lodging business sector crested some place in 2006. We were starting to see a portion of the early indications of inconvenience when a few sorts of subprime advances began to go into default. There wasn't stress around then since never in history has costs for lodging business sector gone down broadly. When the credit markets solidified in the mid year 2007, things started to disintegrate quickly. Current money which the peter has P = $100,000 Monthly take home salary S = $80,000 /year Current working location is Irvine, California. Desired living location is Orange country, California. Peter can easily pay quarter of his salary to home loan and he will be able to settle loan in 20 years. Total cost = Cash down + EMIs + Interest = 100000 + ()*20 - 50,000 = $583,333 Plan 1: House purchase of cost 550,000$ in Irvine California and live there and work. Plan 2: House purchase of 550,000$ in Orange Country, California and shift there and either find a new job there or up-down from there. Plan 3: House purchase of 200,000$ in Irvine and then make savings and after retirement buys home in Orange country and sold this house. Plan 4: House purchase of cost 550,000$ in Irvine California and live there and work and after retirement sold this house and can buy house in Orange country and live there happily. Topic 3: Fractals A fractal is an article or amount that shows self-similitude, to some degree specialized sense, on all scales. The article requires not show precisely the same structure at all scales, yet the same "sort" of structures must show up on all scales. A plot of the amount on a log-log diagram versus scale then gives a straight line, whose incline is said to be the fractal measurement. The prototypical sample for a fractal is the length of a coastline measured with distinctive length rulers. The shorter the ruler, the more drawn out the length measured, a Catch 22 known as the coastline mystery. Geometry of fractals in film making- Von Koch's bend, similar to the Cantor set, has the property of self-closeness. It, as well, is a fractal, however, similar to Cantor, von Koch was not thinking in such terms. He only expected to give an option method for demonstrating that capacities that were non-differentiable (i.e. capacities that "have no digressions" in geometric speech) could exist - a way that included utilizing "rudimentary geometry" title means On a Continuous Curve without Tangent Constructible from Elementary Geometry). In doing as such, von Koch communicated a connection between these non-differentiable "creatures" of investigation and geometry. Fatou and Julia (and, by expansion, their work) originated before PCs, they were not able to create pictures, for example, the one on the privilege, which is the chart of a huge number of emphases of a capacity. They were restricted to what they could do by hand, which would just be around three or four cycles. Julia distributed a 199-page paper in 1918 called Memoire surl 'iteration des functions rationales, which talked about quite a bit of his work on iterative capacities and depicting the Julia set. With this paper, Julia won the Grand Prix of the Academia des Sciences and turned out to be greatly well known in numerical circles all through the 1920s. Then again, in spite of this noticeable quality, his work on emphasis fell into lack of definition for around fifty year. The history of fractals- Bafflingly excellent fractals are shaking up the universe of science and developing our comprehension of nature. You may not know it, but rather fractals, similar to the air you inhale, are surrounding you. Their unpredictable, rehashing shapes are found in cloud arrangements and tree appendages, in stalks of broccoli and rocky mountain extents, even in the cadence of the human heart. In film making, For quite a long time, fractal-like sporadic shapes were considered past the limits of numerical comprehension. Presently, mathematicians have at last started mapping this uncharted region. Their wonderful discoveries are developing our comprehension of nature and fortifying another flood of logical, restorative, and imaginative advancement extending from the biology of the downpour timberland to form outline. Topic 4: There are two sorts of encryption on the planet one that will keep your minimal meddlesome sister from looking at your journals the other would anticipate even the most capable governments on earth. The past sentence is summarized from a remark by Bruce Schneier in his book on Applied Cryptography. What makes these two sorts of encryption separate from one another is illogical. The previous kind comprises of systems that rely on upon mystery. The second kind relies on upon openness, full revelation and associate survey. The main kind ought to have ended up terminated at this point, yet it keeps appearing in numerous present items. The second kind is obviously, helpful. Encryption is a system for taking a composed archive (plaintext) and changing it to an indiscernible report (cipher text) such that the first record is some way or another recoverable from the cipher text. For instance, we can take this section and supplant each event of the letter "e" with the letter "x". Presently the section would be difficult to peruse, yet in almost no time per user would acknowledge what was done, and have the capacity to fix the substitutions. Obviously, we could create a superior plan. Assume we supplant "a" with "p", "b" with "c" et cetera. The complete rundown of transpositions can be put into a table and used to scramble (forward substitution) and in addition decode (in reverse substitution). The table is then known as the "key". Any individual who has the key can unscramble a record in the event that it is encoded with the same. In my company Music and film innovators The companys music and videos are stolen by the other company so I will take out a copy of the copy right and the a declaration letter that these music albums and videos are the property of the MFI company and the company has the originals and can present if needed. The company X has stolen our music and videos and launched by their name so strict actions should be taken again these code breakers and MFI companys lost be fulfilled by the company X. Recommendations Strict actions should be taken against Code breakers and should be punished. Everything should be copyrighted. There should be online program for the verification of originals. Without copyright number the things should not be published. Conclusions The worth of $250,000 can be made a worth of $1,000,000 in 20 years by gambling in casino, stocks, and investment but in lottery gambling it cannot be made $1,000,000. The best plan for housing is not making EMIs more than the quarter of the take home salary. The Fractals can be used in the film making to represent the best views. The cryptanalysis/code breaking can be minimized using the copy rights for uploading anything. References COZIC, C. P. AND WINTERS, P. A. Gambling In-text: (Cozic and Winters) Bibliography: Cozic, Charles P, and Paul A Winters. Gambling. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, 1995. Print. BARD, G. V. Algebraic cryptanalysis In-text: (Bard) Bibliography: Bard, Gregory V. Algebraic Cryptanalysis. Dordrecht: Springer, 2009. Print. CASE, K. E., QUIGLEY, J. M. AND SHILLER, R. J. Comparing wealth effects In-text: (Case, Quigley and Shiller) Bibliography: Case, Karl E, John M Quigley, and Robert J Shiller. Comparing Wealth Effects. Cambridge, MA.: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2001. Print. HAERENS, M. Gambling In-text: (Haerens) Bibliography: Haerens, Margaret. Gambling. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2012. Print. HERMAN, R. D. Gambling In-text: (Herman) Bibliography: Herman, Robert D. Gambling. New York: Harper Row, 1967. Print. HUGHES, D. AND LOWE, S. The private rented housing market In-text: (Hughes and Lowe) Bibliography: Hughes, David, and Stuart Lowe. The Private Rented Housing Market. Aldershot, Hants, England: Ashgate, 2007. Print. JENSEN, P., BARABSI, A., LARRALDE, H., HAVLIN, S. AND EUGENE STANLEY, H. A FRACTAL MODEL FOR THE FIRST STAGES OF THIN FILM GROWTH In-text: (JENSEN et al.) Bibliography: JENSEN, PABLO et al. 'A FRACTAL MODEL FOR THE FIRST STAGES OF THIN FILM GROWTH'. Fractals 04.03 (1996): 321-329. Web. JOUX, A. Algorithmic cryptanalysis In-text: (Joux) Bibliography: Joux, Antoine. Algorithmic Cryptanalysis. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2009. Print. KOOPMAN, M. J. Economic analysis of neighbourhood quality, neighbourhood reputation and the housing market In-text: (Koopman) Bibliography: Koopman, M. J. Economic Analysis Of Neighbourhood Quality, Neighbourhood Reputation And The Housing Market. Amsterdam: IOS Press under the imprint Delft University Press, 2012. Print. MARTIN, D. B. The housing market In-text: (Martin) Bibliography: Martin, D. B. The Housing Market. London: Centre for Environmental Studies, 1969. Print. PORTARO, R., FAYED, M., GUNTER, A., ABDERRAHMANE, H. A. AND NG, H. D. FRACTAL GEOMETRY OF THE WAKE SHED BY A FLAPPING FILAMENT IN FLOWING SOAP-FILM In-text: (PORTARO et al.) Bibliography: PORTARO, ROCCO et al. 'FRACTAL GEOMETRY OF THE WAKE SHED BY A FLAPPING FILAMENT IN FLOWING SOAP-FILM'. Fractals 19.03 (2011): 311-316. Web. RICONDA, A. Gambling In-text: (Riconda) Bibliography: Riconda, Andrew. Gambling. New York: H.W. Wilson Co., 1995. Print. SINKOV, A. AND FEIL, T. Elementary cryptanalysis In-text: (Sinkov and Feil) Bibliography: Sinkov, Abraham, and Todd Feil. Elementary Cryptanalysis. [Washington, D.C.]: Mathematical Association of America, 2009. Print. 'CONNELL, R. Fractals In-text: (O'Connell) Bibliography: O'Connell, Richard. Fractals. Newport: Atlantis Editions, 2002. Print.

Sample Transfer College Essay - Help With Writing a Powerful College Essay

Sample Transfer College Essay - Help With Writing a Powerful College EssaySample transfer college essay is a certain sequence of events. It can also be known as exchange college essay writing workshop. It is very helpful to have an idea about the syllabus and what to write before you enter into this kind of assignment. You should know what to expect.In a sample transfer college essay, you are to find a source in the college paper or in the books and research the topic carefully. Then, the student will come up with the most authentic and original opinion on the subject and he/she should write the essay with sufficient information to convince the reader. Students should avoid plagiarism because if you do, it may cause a great deal of trouble.Sample transfer essay involves the rewriting of some paragraphs to be used as your own. The sections may include a study guide, as well as personal experience and experiences. It should provide you with a unique perspective that will not only make the students understand but also impress them.There are many different kinds of sample transfer college essay. The most popular is the bio section. You will write about yourself, the purpose of writing the college essay, and the people you have met. If you want, you can also include information about how you came to be in the college, the reasons why you are attending the college, and what lessons you are being taught there.Another sample college essay is the history section. This is the one section where you have to talk about the history of the country or the college. The essay should be representative of the writer's feelings and thoughts about the state of history in the current day.Most of the time, sample college essay is not given to the students until after they have completed their college essays. In this case, you can ask your college guidance counselor about the kinds of samples that you can use in your own college essay. He may give you the type of sample that you should use.Sample transfer college essay is a very helpful method to help students and teachers to learn what you have to say and to write a good paper. It also helps students prepare themselves with all that they have to put inside. Therefore, if you want to have something helpful in your life, this is the one essay that you need to get.

Unknown Bacteria Lab Report Sample

Unknown Bacteria Lab Report Paper The two streak plates made from the mixture of unknown bacteria showed two different colony morphologies. Colonies of Bacteria A were translucent in color, circular in form, with entire margins and a smooth surface. Colonies of Bacteria B were cream colored, irregular in form, with undulate margins and an ambulate surface. Two different morphologies allowed Gram stains to be performed on each of the bacterium. Gram staining of Bacteria A revealed pink, rod-shaped cells signifying that the bacterium was Gram-negative and rod-shaped. Next, an oxides test was performed to eliminate one or more of the bacterium choices. P. Organisms was eliminated as the identity of the bacterium when the oxides test results were negative. An EMBED plate of the bacteria was examined to identify whether the bacterium was S. Typhoid or E. Coli. The growth on the EMBED plate was shiny and metallic green, meaning that it was positive for lactose fermentation. S. Typhoid exhibits intermediate lactose fermentation with pink or purple growth on an EMBED plate, so it was eliminated as the possible identity of Bacteria A. To confirm the identity of Bacteria A as E. Coli, an Underwrote test inoculated with Bacteria A was observed. The Bibcock confirmed the identity of Bacteria A as E. Coli. Gram staining of Bacteria B revealed purple, rod-shaped cells signifying that the bacterium was Gram-positive and rod-shaped. The shape of the bacterium eliminated Cisco-shaped S. Erasures and S. Epidermises as possibilities for the identity of Bacteria B. Next, an endoscope stain of the bacteria was examined to identify whether the bacterium produced spores or not. We will write a custom essay sample on Unknown Bacteria Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Unknown Bacteria Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Unknown Bacteria Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The stain showed red ells with green spores, indicating that the bacterium did produce spores. The results of the endoscope stain confirmed the identity of Bacteria B as B. Subtitle. Table 1 lists all of the biochemical tests, their purpose and results. The results are also shown in flow chart form in Table 2. RESULTS Test Purpose Reagents Observations Results Gram Stain To determine the gram reaction of bacteria Crystal violet, Iodine, Alcohol, Seafaring Unknown A: pink rods Unknown B: Purple rods Unknown A: gram negative bacilli Unknown B: gram positive bacilli Oxides Test To determine the presence of oxides Oxides paper Unknown A: yellow Unknown A: negative for oxides Lactose Fermentation Test To determine if bacteria ferments lactose EMBED plate Unknown A: shiny, green, metallic colonies Unknown A: positive for lactose fermentation Endoscope Stain To determine if bacteria produces endoscopes Malachite green, Steam, Seafaring Unknown B: red cells with green spores Unknown B: Positive for producing endoscopes Underwrote To identify gram negative interchangeable Unknown A: code 24160 Unknown A: E. Coli Table 1: Biochemical tests performed on Unknown A and Unknown B.

The eNotes Blog The Top Book Each State Needed Help with the Most in2017

The Top Book Each State Needed Help with the Most in2017 With a new year getting kicked into gear, we figure what better way to move forward than to take a look at where weve been? We took a look at the most popular book searches per state in 2017 to determine which books students and readers sought the most help with when they visited  . (Interested in a closer look at the map image? Download the PDF version.) Heres a look at the most popular book searches per state on in 2017: Alabama: Kim by Rudyard Kipling Alaska: The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven by Sherman Alexie Arizona: The Devil and Tom Walker by Washington Irving Arkansas: Wonder by R.J Palacio California: To Kill A Mockingbird by Harper Lee Colorado: Outliers: The Story of Success by Malcolm Gladwell Connecticut: The Crucible by Arthur Miller Delaware: Island of the Blue Dolphins by Scott ODell Florida: To Kill A Mockingbird by Harper Lee Georgia: Sarahs Key by Tatiana de Rosnay Hawaii:  Outliers: The Story of Success by Malcolm Gladwell Idaho: The Omnivores Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals by Michael Pollan Illinois: Treasure Island by Robert Louis Stevenson Indiana: Summer of My German Soldier by Bette Greene Iowa: The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain Kansas:  Ã‚  Wonder by R.J Palacio Kentucky: Frindle by Andrew Clements Louisiana:  The Omnivores Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals by Michael Pollan Maine: The Autobiography of My Mother by Jamaica Kincaid Maryland: Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury Massachusetts: The Children of Men by P.D James Michigan: Outliers: The Story of Success by Malcolm Gladwell Minnesota:  The Last Lecture by Randy Pausch Mississippi: The Swiss Family Robinson by Johann David Wyss   Missouri: To Kill A Mockingbird by Harper Lee Montana: To Kill A Mockingbird by Harper Lee Nebraska: So Far From God by Ana Castillo Nevada:  Wonder by R.J Palacio New Hampshire: The Inheritance of Loss by Kiran Desai New Jersey:  Outliers: The Story of Success by Malcolm Gladwell New Mexico: Mostly True Adventures of Homer P. Figg by Rodman Philbrick New York: Dantes Inferno by Dante Alighieri North Carolina: How I Learned To Drive by Paula Vogel North Dakota: The Last Lecture by Randy Pausch Ohio: The Last Lecture by Randy Pausch Oklahoma: The Devils Arithmetic by Jane Yolen Oregon: Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck Pennsylvania: Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare Rhode Island: The Memory Keepers Daughter by Kim Edwards South Carolina: Dantes Inferno by Dante Alighieri South Dakota: Animal Farm by George Orwell Tennessee: Gone with the Wind by Margaret Mitchell Texas: To Kill A Mockingbird by Harper Lee Utah: The Memory Keepers Daughter by Kim Edwards Vermont: Caucasia by Danzy Senna Virginia: Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare Washington: Wonder by R.J Palacio West Virginia: To Kill A Mockingbird by Harper Lee Wisconsin: The Custom of the Country by Edith Wharton Wyoming: Summer and Smoke by Tennessee Williams While a new year may bring new changes, we strive to serve as the same reliable resource for millions of students, teachers, and readers with our library of over 40,000 book summaries and study guides on .

American global supremacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

American global supremacy - Essay Example Walters, whom I interviewed for this project. I chose to interview him, my uncle who is going to be 75 in December, because he is a very knowledgeable and shrewd man. He was with the army as a doctor for his entire career until retirement. During his many appointments, he was posted in various countries all over the world and thus was an ideal candidate to elucidate on this topic. I took notes as we had a casual conversation. When I asked him whether he thought America was a ‘superpower’ right now, he explained to me what a superpower is. He said: The superpower is the nation that has a say in the world events and decisions the most. There cannot be a superpower without there being nations who give it that status, just like there cannot be a leader without having followers who want him to lead†¦ Before the 20th century, Great Britain provided tutelage to the world, as it had colonies and followers all over†¦ Look up history, you know, books and biographies and you will see the superpowers the world has seen, rule and then disintegrate. Soviet Union happened just a couple decades ago. However, the world has never been as global as it is now. America was building up to take this position when there was want of hope and optimism in the 17th, 18th centuries. It gained that position, and the acceptance from other nations in the 20th century. When I asked him how America came to be a superpower, he said it was through invention, progress and trade. Americans have always been very open, adventurous and have opted to set up work sites (Steingart) and joint ventures in countries all over the world. American language, food and culture have precipitated world over. From McDonalds to Apple, email to ‘F.R.I.E.N.D.S’, American items have penetrated all the cultures of the world in some form. Another very important factor that established the position of the US in the global arena is the US dollar. It has become the global currency for trade in the

Final research project Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Final project - Research Paper Example We use plastics, as we turn on the television, microwave oven and the list could go on endlessly. We are on an era of plastic. Plastics are very convenient to use. It is cheap and durable. One time use plastic wares are convenient to both ‘on the go’ buyers and storeowners. It is cheaper to produce and to transport because of its weight lightness. However, plastic garbage is becoming a nightmare and a great waste of energy. After we’d use those plastic products it end up on our garbage bins and so long plastic garbage. Very few of us ever care where it ends up after the garbage trucks collect it. Who cares, as long as we are having a convenient life? But folks, I think it is high time we analyze our lifestyle and how do we contribute to the overwhelming plastic garbage in our society and in the entire world. Plastic waste constitute the majority of the world’? garbage and its becoming a threat to both human and marine life. The Extent of Plastic Waste Plast ics have only been in circulation in the last 100 years, but its harmful effect on the health and lives of people and marine life is increasingly becoming severe. Globally, it is estimated that more than 500 billion of plastic bags are consumed every year. Currently, in the United States alone, Americans are throwing 100 billion plastic bags every year which is roughly equivalent to 12 million gallons of oil as plastic are made from carbon drawn from petroleum (Mcnamee). Moreover, it is estimated that more than 350 tons of plastic waste are disposed directly into the sea world wide. A single plastic bag takes more than a hundred years before it breaks down. It is durable and very convenient to use and seemingly very harmless. Ironically, the single plastic bag, which was use to put on the classy shoe or bag that we purchase on the mall can cause the lives of several animals. Can we imagine how much damage the billion of plastic bags and other plastic waste can do to marine lives and to our own health? Plastic Waste as Threat to Marine life In 1997 during a Transpacific Yacht Race, between California and Hawaii, Captain Charles Moore accidentally discovered what is now known as the TRASH VORTEX or the Great Pacific Garbage Patch in the Pacific Ocean. The trash vortex is approximately twice the size of Texas and four times the size of Germany in Pacific Ocean which is filled with various floating plastic waste from old toys, golf balls, kayaks, plastic bottles and a lot more which will not be able to decay in our lifetime. Besides to the floating trash vortex, it is assumed that 70% of the plastic waste sinks into sea bottom. According to Greenpeace, approximately 110 pieces of plastic waste were to be found per square kilometer at the sea bottom. It is calculated that a total of 600,000 tons of plastic waste are found at the bottom of the North Sea alone (Greenpeace). Plastic bags entangle birds which eventually strangled them death as they are unable to free t hemselves. Sea animals and other marine mammals have mistakenly eaten plastic, which causes their eventual death. According to a study conducted by marine biologist at the University of Kiel in Germany, 93% of the 180 dead birds which has been collected along the German shoreline, has been found to have plastic waste inside their stomachs (Altnau).In Australia, a crocodile named Whitey, which was part of a government wildlife tracking program was found dead and upon autopsy was

Cooling Method Of The Transformer Engineering Essay

Cooling Method Of The Transformer Engineering Essay One of the most important and ubiquitous electrical machines is the transformer. It receives power at one voltage and delivers it at another. This conversion aids the efficient long-distance transmission of electrical power form generating stations. Since power lines incur significant power losses, it is important to minimize these losses by the use of high voltages. The same power can be delivered by high-voltage circuits at a fraction of the current required for low-voltage circuits. The design of the magnetic circuit, the core of the transformer, will first be considered. The significance of the no-load behavior of the transformer is explained and of the magnetizing current which exists under all operating condition. The common form of transformer involves a ferromagnetic core in order to ensure high value of magnetic flux linkage. This is also true of the rotating machine. Although transformers are generally associated with power system applications, they also occur in many low power application including electronic circuits. Transformers effect changes of voltage with virtually no loss of power. BASIC PRINCIPLES The transformer is based on two principles: firstly, that an electric current can produce a magnetic field (electromagnetism) and secondly that a changing magnetic field within a coil of wire induces a voltage across the ends of the coil (electromagnetic induction). Changing the current in the primary coil changes the magnetic flux that is developed. The changing magnetic flux induces a voltage in the secondary coil. An ideal transformer is shown in the adjacent figure. Current passing through the primary coil creates a magnetic field. The primary and secondary coils are wrapped around a core of very high magnetic permeability, such as iron, so that most of the magnetic flux passes through both primary and secondary coils. INDUCTION LAW The voltage induced across the secondary coil may be calculated from Faradays law of induction, which states that: Where VS is the instantaneous voltage, NS is the number of turns in the secondary coil and ÃŽÂ ¦ equals the magnetic flux through one turn of the coil. If the turns of the coil are oriented perpendicular to the magnetic field lines, the flux is the product of the magnetic field strength B and the area A through which it cuts. The area is constant, being equal to the cross-sectional area of the transformer core, whereas the magnetic field varies with time according to the excitation of the primary. Since the same magnetic flux passes through both the primary and secondary coils in an ideal transformer, the instantaneous voltage across the primary winding equals Taking the ratio of the two equations for VS and VP gives the basic equation for stepping up or stepping down the voltage ENERGY LOSSES An ideal transformer would have no energy losses, and would be 100% efficient. In practical transformers energy is dissipated in the windings, core, and surrounding structures. Larger transformers are generally more efficient, and those rated for electricity distribution usually perform better than 98%. Experimental transformers using superconducting windings achieve efficiencies of 99.85%,While the increase in efficiency is small, when applied to large heavily-loaded transformers the annual savings in energy losses are significant. A small transformer, such as a plug-in wall-wart or power adapter type used for low-power consumer electronics, may be no more than 85% efficient, with considerable loss even when not supplying any load. Though individual power loss is small, the aggregate losses from the very large number of such devices is coming under increased scrutiny. The losses vary with load current, and may be expressed as no-load or full-load loss. Winding resistance dominates load losses, whereas hysteresis and eddy currents losses contribute to over 99% of the no-load loss. The no-load loss can be significant, meaning that even an idle transformer constitutes a drain on an electrical supply, which encourages development of low-loss transformers (also see energy efficient transformer). Transformer losses are divided into losses in the windings, termed copper loss, and those in the magnetic circuit, termed iron loss. Losses in the transformer arise from: WINDING RESISTANCE Current flowing through the windings causes resistive heating of the conductors. At higher frequencies, skin effect and proximity effect create additional winding resistance and losses. HYSTERESIS LOSSES Each time the magnetic field is reversed, a small amount of energy is lost due to hysteresis within the core. For a given core material, the loss is proportional to the frequency, and is a function of the peak flux density to which it is subjected. EDDY CURRENTS Ferromagnetic materials are also good conductors, and a solid core made from such a material also constitutes a single short-circuited turn throughout its entire length. Eddy currents therefore circulate within the core in a plane normal to the flux, and are responsible for resistive heating of the core material. The eddy current loss is a complex function of the square of supply frequency and Inverse Square of the material thickness. MAGNETOSTRICTION Magnetic flux in a ferromagnetic material, such as the core, causes it to physically expand and contract slightly with each cycle of the magnetic field, an effect known as magnetostriction. This produces the buzzing sound commonly associated with transformers, and in turn causes losses due to frictional heating in susceptible cores. MECHANICAL LOSSES In addition to magnetostriction, the alternating magnetic field causes fluctuating electromagnetic forces between the primary and secondary windings. These incite vibrations within nearby metalwork, adding to the buzzing noise, and consuming a small amount of power. STRAY LOSSES Leakage inductance is by itself largely lossless, since energy supplied to its magnetic fields is returned to the supply with the next half-cycle. However, any leakage flux that intercepts nearby conductive materials such as the transformers support structure will give rise to eddy currents and be converted to heat. There are also radiative losses due to the oscillating magnetic field, but these are usually small. DOT CONVENTION It is common in transformer schematic symbols for there to be a dot at the end of each coil within a transformer, particularly for transformers with multiple windings on either or both of the primary and secondary sides. The purpose of the dots is to indicate the direction of each winding relative to the other windings in the transformer. Voltages at the dot end of each winding are in phase, while current flowing into the dot end of a primary coil will result in current flowing out of the dot end of a secondary coil. TYPE OF TRANSFORMER There are many types of transformer is there one of them is Air-cored transformer. The air-cored transformer may literally consist of two concentric coils which have nothing but air within the coils. This immediately has the advantage that the magnetizing current has exactly the same waveform as the voltage to which it is related. It has the very significant disadvantage that it is difficult to produce the necessary magnetic flux to generate the appropriate e.m.f. LEAKAGE FLUX The ideal transformer model assumes that all flux generated by the primary winding links all the turns of every winding, including itself. In practice, some flux traverses paths that take it outside the windings. Such flux is termed leakage flux, and results in leakage inductance in series with the mutually coupled transformer windings. Leakage results in energy being alternately stored in and discharged from the magnetic fields with each cycle of the power supply. It is not directly a power loss (see Stray losses below), but results in inferior voltage regulation, causing the secondary voltage to fail to be directly proportional to the primary, particularly under heavy load. Transformers are therefore normally designed to have very low leakage inductance. However, in some applications, leakage can be a desirable property, and long magnetic paths, air gaps, or magnetic bypass shunts may be deliberately introduced to a transformers design to limit the short-circuit current it will supply. Leaky transformers may be used to supply loads that exhibit negative resistance, such as electric arcs, mercury vapor lamps, and neon signs; or for safely handling loads that become periodically short-circuited such as electric arc welders. Air gaps are also used to keep a transformer from saturating, especially audio-frequency transformers in circuits that have a direct current flowing through the windings. COOLING METHOD OF TRANSFORMER Oil is used to cool the transformer. It also provide part of the electrical insulation between internal line parts, transformer oil must remain stable at high temperature for an extended period. Very large or high-power transformer may also have cooling fans, oil pumps, and even oil-to-water heat exchangers. Cooling fan is used in transformer. High temperatures will damage the winding insulation. Small transformers do not generate significant heat and are cooled by air circulation and radiation of heat. Power transformers rated up to several hundred kVA can be adequately cooled by natural convective air-cooling, sometimes assisted by fans. Power transformer rated up to a few KVA can be adequately cooled by natural convective air-cooling, sometimes assisted by fans. Some power transformers are immersed in specialized transformer oil that acts both as a cooling medium, thereby extending the lifetime of the insulation transformer. The transformer gets heated due the iron and copper losses occurring in them. It is necessary to dissipate this heat so that the temperature of the winding is kept below the value at which the insulation begins to deteriorate. The cooling of transformer is more difficult than the rotating machines because these machines create a turbulent air flow, which assists in removing the heat generated due losses. Luckily the losses in transformers are comparatively small. According to cooling system there are two types of transformer 1-> ONAN oil natural air natural 2-> ONAF oil natural air forced Oil natural by means a number of radiators with air natural flow. The radiator is fixed to the tank through individual cut-off valves, provided with a handle operate closing device in line with the radiator connector pipe position, indicate open position of the valve. LOSSES IN TRANSFORMER An ideal transformer would have no energy losses, and would therefore be 100% efficient. In practical transformers energy is dissipated in the windings, core , and surrounding structure. TRANSFORMER OIL TEST Transformer oil can give better insulation level to operate the transformer. It also is a coolant to carry the heat away from the electrical transformer windings and iron core to the cooling radiators on the side of the oil filled transformer. If there is no better insulation level, it produced short circuit in the transformer. There for transformer oil should be checked. Normally moisture and other liquids are mixed with oil, the insulation level is reduced. Normally we can see the silica gel for absorb the moisture of transformer. Also there is an equipment to check the insulation level of transformer. TRANSFORMER OIL Transformer oil, or insulating oil, is usually a highly- refined mineral oil that is stable at high temperatures and has excellent electrical insulating properties. It is used in oil-filled transformer, some types of high voltage capacitors, fluorescent lamp ballasts, and some types of high voltage switches and circuit breakers. Its functions are to insulate, suppress corona and arcing, and to serve as a coolant. EXPLANATION The oils help cool the transformer. Because it also provides part of the electrical insulation between internal live parts, transformer oil must remain stable at high temperatures for an extended period. To improve cooling of large power transformers, the oil-filled tank may have external radiators through which the oil circulates by natural convection. Very large or high-power transformer may also have cooling fans, oil pumps, and even oil-to-water heat exchangers. Large, high voltage transformers undergo prolonged drying processes, using electrical self-heating, the application of a vacuum, or both to ensure that the transformer is completely free of water of water vapor before the cooling oil is introduced. This helps prevent corona formation and subsequent electrical breakdown under load. Oil filled transformer with a conservator tend to be equipped with Buchholz relays. These are safety devices that detect the build of gases inside the transformer and switch off the transformer. Transformer without conservators is usually equipped with sudden pressure relays, which perform a similar function as the Buchholz relay. The flash point and pour point are 140 degree c and -6 degree c respectively. The dielectric strength of new untreated oil is 12MV/m and after treatment it should be > 24MV/M. Large transformer for indoor use must either be of the dry type, that is, containing no liquid, or use a less-flammable liquid. Well into the 1970, polychlorinated biphenyls were often used as a dielectric fluid since they are not flammable. They are toxic, and under incomplete combustion, can form highly toxic products such as furan. Starting in early 1970, concern about the toxicity of PCBs have led to their banning in many countries. Today, non-toxic, stable silicone-based or fluorinated hydrocarbons are used, where the added expense of a fire-resistant liquid offsets additional building cost for a transformer vault. Combustion- resistant vegetable oil-based dielectric coolants and synthetic pentaerythritol tetra fatty acid, ester is also becoming increasingly common as alternatives to naphthenic mineral oil. Esters are non-toxic to aquatic life, readily biodegradable, and have a lower volatility and higher flash points than minerals oil. COOLING PRODUCTS Transformer oil acts as an insulating and cooling medium in transformers. The insulating oil fills up pores in fibrous insulation and also the gaps between the coil conductors and the spacing between the siding and the tank, and thus increases the dielectric strength of the insulation. A transformer in operation generates heat in the winding, and that heat is transferred to the oil. Heated oil then flows to the radiators by convection. Oil supplied from the radiators, being cooler, cools the winding. There are several important properties such as dielectric strength, flash point, viscosity, specific gravity and pour point and all of them have to be considered when qualifying oil for use in transformers. Normally mineral oil is used, but coconut oil has been shown to possess all the properties needed to function as an environmentally friendly and economic replacement to the mineral oil for this purpose. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AIR COOLED TRANSFORMER AND OIL IMMERSED TRANSFORMER The basic difference between the air cooled transformer and oil immersed transformer is: If the heat generated in the transformer winding is capable of being swapped by the surrounding ambient air without causing any problem to the performance of the transformer then its normally reffered as Naturally Air Cooled transformer or simply air cooled transformer. However when the capacity of the transformer increases, the heat generated in the winding of the transformer is more and the ambient air normally is inadequate to cool the windings and maintain the performance of the transformer. Its because of this reason the transformer windings are submerged in an oil tank. It has been observed that the hydrogen ions present in oil help to maintain the temperature of the winding of the transformer and thus overall performance of transformer. EFFECT OF FREQUENCY The time-derivative term in Faradays Law shows that the flux in the core is the integral with respect to time of the applied voltage. Hypothetically an ideal transformer would work with direct-current excitation, with the core flux increasing linearly with time. In practice, the flux would rise to the point where magnetic saturation of the core occurs, causing a huge increase in the magnetizing current and overheating the transformer. All practical transformers must therefore operate with alternating (or pulsed) current.

Succubus Dreams CHAPTER 10

When I came home from Seth's the next day, there was another note stuck to my door reminding me about the package. I plucked it off and went inside, surprised to find Vincent there again. I'd figured his angel business would be keeping him busy elsewhere. â€Å"How's it all going?† I asked. I rummaged through my cupboards, looking for food. I'd skipped breakfast. â€Å"I mean, if you can tell me without having to kill me.† He sat at my kitchen table, leafing through newspapers. â€Å"Ah, well, still can't give you details, of course, but I can say that†¦um, well, progress isn't being made as quickly as we'd like. There's leftover lasagna in the refrigerator if you want it.† I opened the refrigerator door. Sure enough. â€Å"Wow. Did one of the angels conjure this up for you?† â€Å"Only if you consider Yasmine's cooking a type of conjuring.† I uncovered the casserole dish. It looked great. There might be magic afoot after all. I put a piece in the microwave and set the timer. Sitting down across from him, I peered at the spread out newspapers and remembered finding them left out the other day. â€Å"You sure like your news.† He grimaced. â€Å"Most of it's depressing.† Glancing at the headlines, I had to agree with him. Murder. Corruption. Theft. â€Å"You hear about the cop shooting the other day?† I asked. â€Å"That one was really depressing.† Vincent turned his attention away from a story about domestic abuse. â€Å"No, what happened?† â€Å"This cop was outside a convenience store and claims someone was inside shooting his partner. So, he ran in, gun in hand, and started shooting. He ended up killing his partner himself.† Vincent frowned. â€Å"Huh. I hadn't heard that one,† he murmured. From the distracted look in his eyes, his mind had clearly latched onto something I wasn't privy to. I gave him a sidelong glance. â€Å"That mean anything to you? Maybe to this mission from God you're on?† His easy smile returned. â€Å"You're good but not that good. You know I can't say anything.† The microwave dinged, and I retrieved my food. As I stabbed a piece of cheesy pasta, I recalled what he'd said about Yasmine's cooking. My curiosity got the better of me. As it often did. â€Å"Vince†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I began slowly, carefully keeping my eyes on my food. â€Å"I know it's none of my business†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He laughed. â€Å"I always love it when people introduce topics like that – and then go ahead and dive in anyway.† Blushing, I shut my mouth. â€Å"No, no,† he said, clearly entertained. â€Å"Go ahead. What were you going to say?† â€Å"I†¦well, nothing really. It's just, I mean, it doesn't matter to me†¦but I just sort of noticed that you and Yasmine seem, um, close.† His levity faded. I quickly looked up and met his eyes apologetically. â€Å"I'm sorry,† I blurted out. â€Å"Forget I said anything.† â€Å"No†¦it's, I don't know.† He folded up the newspaper, staring at it without really seeing it. â€Å"Yeah, I guess. I've known her for a long time, and after a while, it's easy to†¦well, she's easy to like.† â€Å"Yeah, she is.† A few pregnant moments passed. When he spoke again, I heard affection in his voice. â€Å"I first met her at this fair in Akron, of all places†¦about, oh, fifteen years ago. Not sure what she was doing there – you never do with them – but I found her walking away from a concession stand. She had this giant tower of cotton candy. I swear, it was taller than she was. And, since I could tell she was an angel, it made the situation that much more absurd.† The story made me smile too. It also shed light on why he was here with the A-Team. I could tell she was an angel. He was another gifted human, like Erik and Dante, who could sense the immortal world. â€Å"And you went and talked to her?† â€Å"I hadn't planned to, but then the cotton candy started to fall over, so I went to help her and ended up eating half of it myself.† â€Å"That's sweet,† I said. â€Å"Er, no pun intended.† It didn't matter that in the last few months, I'd fucked one guy in an office chair, used a leather whip on another, and gone down on another in the back room of a seedy club. I still loved romantic stories. â€Å"She started asking for my help after that, off and on, once she realized what I could do. It was supposed to just be that†¦nothing more than her, you know, professional cases. But after a while, we couldn't help it. We're together all the time now.† I swallowed another piece of lasagna. It was divine. Seriously. â€Å"Do any of the other angels know?† â€Å"Yeah, right. Joel barely tolerates me now†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"But obviously, you guys aren't, um, you can't be – â€Å" â€Å"No, but it doesn't matter. It doesn't have to be physical. Really, it's ironic. Angels are creatures of love. They're supposed to love everyone. They're just not supposed to love one person so much more than another.† â€Å"That's stupid,† I stated adamantly. â€Å"To you, maybe. And to me, I suppose. But to her†¦well, she devotes her entire existence to the service of a power and cause bigger than all of us. To be so in love with something – or someone else – is distracting. You can't serve two masters without eventually betraying one.† I looked down again, turning over his words. â€Å"And yet you guys still stay together. Sort of.† He shrugged. â€Å"In as much as we can. Maybe I should move on with my life, but, honestly, there's no one else I want to be with. I accept what she is. It's why I love her. I'd rather be with her in a limited capacity than none at all.† Goosebumps rose on the back of my neck. He'd just stated a variant of what Seth used to tell me all the time, back when I would continually urge him to leave me and find someone else. I'd accepted his choice by now and honestly couldn't imagine not having him in my life. But still. Sometimes I didn't entirely get how he could be okay with everything between us; hearing another person support such a choice was refreshing. As though reading my mind, Vincent gently asked, â€Å"Am I hitting too close to home? Carter mentioned a boyfriend†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"No. Yes. I don't know. He – Seth, my boyfriend – says the same thing as you. That if it can't be any other way†¦well, then this is the way he wants it.† â€Å"Exactly. And thus, life goes on.† Vincent started gathering up the newspapers. â€Å"I tell you though, I think your side and hers are both so fucked up, it's not even funny. Why the rules? Why does a succubus always have to take away someone's life when she's with them? Why can't you have the choice? And why can't Yasmine make love? Why can't she be in love?† Good question. I don't think Vincent really expected an answer, but I had to give one anyway. â€Å"Because that's the way it is. The way the system works. The way it's always worked.† â€Å"The system is fucked-up,† he said. I thought about it and nodded. â€Å"No arguments.† Smiling, he reached for his coat and slipped it on. â€Å"You're okay for a succubus.† Vincent left, off to do whatever it was one did with a posse of angels. I almost envied him because I had something to do that I wasn't looking forward to at all. It was another necessary evil. I had to get Tawny a job. After that debacle of a dance lesson, I'd told her I'd help. I might not be able to do much about my mysterious energy loss or angelic romances, but I sure as hell could do something to expedite Niphon's departure. I drove down to Seatac, a city that owes its entire existence to the Seattle-Tacoma International Airport. It's more of a shadow, really, spreading around the airport in a blanket of long-term parking lots and cheap hotels. It also has a couple of strip clubs because really, what else are out-of-town businessmen supposed to do in their downtime? It was late afternoon, so business was slow when I stepped inside Low Blow. A few bored-looking men sat scattered throughout the place, which was dingy and in need of some serious redecorating. Or, well, any decorating. A couple of the guys glanced up with interest as I walked through. Apparently, I held more appeal than the poor brunette trying her damnedest to fuck a pole in time to the dulcet sounds of Pink Floyd's â€Å"Young Lust.† I opened my mouth to speak to the bartender, but a voice behind me interrupted. â€Å"Ho†¦ly†¦shit. I don't believe it. I don't fucking believe it.† I turned and looked into the long, narrow face of Simon Chesterfield, the proud proprietor of this dive. Between his face and lanky body, he always reminded me of a weasel. His black mustache never quite seemed able to grow in completely, and he dressed in brand name clothes that were always one size too small. He was chummy with the local Hellish players, and rumor had it he was in line to be an imp, eventually selling his soul for immortality and the chance to be a diabolical salesman. â€Å"You finally come to dance for me, doll?† â€Å"You wish.† For a sleazy guy who ran a sleazy establishment, Simon actually had a legitimate appreciation for dance. I'd once seen him trying to choreograph his strippers and had been impressed by his sense of aesthetics and rhythm. His employees hadn't really caught on. Such talents were kind of wasted here, and I used to wonder why he didn't take his business to one of the more affluent suburbs where he could get a higher caliber of dancers. The reason he stayed, I'd later learned, was that this was a better venue for all sorts of other shady business he conducted. Still, Simon had a sharp eye and knew what a good dancer I was. He'd been on me for years to come work for him. â€Å"We need to talk,† I explained. â€Å"Business.† â€Å"It's what I do.† With a sweeping gesture, he pointed to a doorway beside the bar. â€Å"Let's go to my office then.† His ‘office' was barely a broom closet, but it had a stool for me to sit on. Resting my heels on a mid-level bar, I brought my knees up to my chest. It made my gray linen skirt slide up a bit. Simon watched with an interest that was more professional than personal. â€Å"Fuck, woman. You come dance for me, and I could make a killing.† He shook his head and collapsed into a rolling faux leather chair. â€Å"A succubus on my stage. Fuck.† I tilted my head to the side. â€Å"It's funny you mention that because that's kind of why I'm here.† I think my innocent tone set his alarms off. He eyed me suspiciously. â€Å"I thought you said you didn't want a job.† â€Å"Not me. We just got a new succubus, and she's looking for a gig. Didn't you hear?† â€Å"No†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He frowned. â€Å"And she wants to dance? Here?† â€Å"Yep,† I said glibly. â€Å"She can't wait to take her clothes off.† Wasn't that the truth. Simon leaned back in the chair and put his feet on the desk. Casual pose or not, he was still on guard. â€Å"What's the catch?† â€Å"Why does there have to be a catch? You should be excited about this. We're doing you a favor.† â€Å"You're offering to drop a succubus into my lap. That sounds too good to be true, so it is too good to be true.† He paused, still thinking. â€Å"And why are you here instead of her?† â€Å"I'm altruistic.† â€Å"Georgina,† he said warningly. â€Å"Okay,† I admitted. â€Å"She's kind of†¦new.† â€Å"How new?† â€Å"Really new. Still under warranty.† â€Å"There's still a catch here somewhere.† â€Å"Well†¦she's†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I spun through my mental rolodex of adjectives. â€Å"Inept.† He raised one narrow eyebrow. â€Å"Inept?† â€Å"She's still learning how to get men.† Since Simon probably wanted sexy women working for him, I figured it wasn't worth mentioning that Tawny wasn't so much learning as she was still trying to find her way to class. â€Å"And she's a, um, bad dancer.† â€Å"How bad?† â€Å"Bad.† â€Å"Can you be a little more specific on what level of bad we're dealing with?† â€Å"Remember Gigli?† â€Å"Jesus. So, why do you think I'd want to take on a shitty dancer?† â€Å"Simon,† I exclaimed. â€Å"All your dancers are shitty.† â€Å"Not all of them,† he said. â€Å"And it's not like I'm trying to get more. We have standards.† I gave him a pointed look. â€Å"Alright, alright.† He ran a hand through his gelled black hair. â€Å"What do I get in return?† Now I was the indignant one. â€Å"What do you mean? You're getting a succubus dancer. What else do you need?† â€Å"I'm getting a succubus charity case. I'm the one doing you a favor.† His eyes were shrewd. Yeah. He'd make a good imp someday. He was this close to breaking out a contract. â€Å"I want you. Dance for me two nights this week.† â€Å"No.† â€Å"One night.† â€Å"Simon, there is nothing in this world that's going to get me to dance here, not even a succubus charity case. Pick something else.† â€Å"Okay, fine.† He pondered. â€Å"You. I want you.† â€Å"Hey, I just told you – â€Å" â€Å"No, no. Not as a dancer. As in right now. On the desk.† I sighed. That kind of want. â€Å"Look, if I've gotta hire a bad succubus, I might as well fuck a good one.† â€Å"Interesting logic. Aren't you worried about your soul?† He looked at me like he couldn't believe I'd had the audacity to ask such a thing. It was similar to the look I'd given him when he said Low Blow had standards. â€Å"Noted.† I stood up. â€Å"But not this body. Pick another shape.† Simon snorted. â€Å"You think I'm interested in a pinup girl crossed with an Ann Taylor model? Fuck that. I want a sixteen-year-old version of Liza Minnelli. In a school girl's uniform.† I stared. â€Å"I have no idea what that would look like.† He started undoing his pants. â€Å"You're a smart girl. Figure it out.† Sighing again, I shape-shifted, taking on a small body with a black pixie haircut. Baby smooth skin. Green plaid skirt with matching vest. Simon grunted his approval. Turning, I rested my hands on the desk and bent over, thrusting my ass out toward him. I hoped it would be over soon. If I could just get the weasel comparison out of my head, this would probably be a lot easier. I felt his hands slide along my legs as he pushed the skirt up. Suddenly, he froze. â€Å"A thong? Are you insane, woman?† â€Å"You're a sick bastard,† I told him. The thong changed to white cotton panties. â€Å"Don't I know it.† He pushed the panties down and thrust forward. Well, I guess it was a thrust. Simon wasn't that well-endowed. I was on the verge of saying something like, â€Å"Are you there yet?† Alas, the Tawny situation was too dire. I couldn't risk Simon changing his mind about her for the sake of a joke, no matter how funny. But, whatever Simon lacked in size, he made up for in enthusiasm. He gripped my hips, nails digging into my bare flesh as he pounded away. I had to keep a fierce hold on the desk. Eventually, seeking variety, Simon flipped me over to my back. He unfastened my blouse and bra, exposing small, perky breasts that had just â€Å"blossomed into womanhood.† Eyes on them and not my face, he grabbed my legs and spread them so that my ankles practically rested on his shoulders. He returned to the task at hand, and when he finally came, I have to admit I welcomed the energy burst. It wasn't a lot – the guy practically worked for Hell already – but I needed it. Simon pulled out of me, and I sat up, mildly sated from an energy standpoint, if not a physical one. I honestly hadn't done much but lie there the whole time, but he regarded me as though we'd just gone through the entire Kama Sutra. â€Å"Definitely worth putting up with an inept succubus,† he said happily, pulling his pants back up. I wanted to say that he might want to withhold judgment until he actually met Tawny, but instead, I just smiled. I knew when to keep my control switch on.