Open Racism

When I think about is racism still alive today, a particular poem comes into mind its entitled:â€Å"Racism Is Around Me Everywhere†. | | â€Å"Of human ignorance I am almost in despair For racism is around me everywhere But like they say sheer ignorance is bliss Just like Judas betrayed Jesus with a kiss. Some people carry their honor in a flag And of their Nationality they brag They feel superior and they differentiate And against those who are different they discriminate. So many people still judged by their race For such there never ought to be a place ‘A fair go' those untruthful words I do recallThere is no such a thing as a ‘fair go for all'. Though we live in a so called democracy Of racism we never will be free They judge you by where you come from and the color of your skin For many equality and respect seems impossible to win. It's been awhile since the days of Martin Luther King His name to it has a familiar ring If against racism he did not choose to strive Today the great man he would be alive. So many holding the reins of power not spiritually aware And racism is around me everywhere And racism only leads to division and war Just goes to show how ignorant some are. † (Frances Duggar) | |Racism is a belief held by some that there are characteristics and abilities can be attributed to people simply on the basis of their race and that some racial groups are superior to others. Racism and discrimination have been used as powerful weapons encouraging fear or hatred of others in times of conflict and war, and even during economic downturns. For people throughout the world, the election of Barak Obama to the U. S. presidency seemed to signal in a new era, that of the end of racism. Indeed, Obama's election was a momentous occasion and, one would have hoped, a milestone on the road to reconciliation.However, some recent, very ominous events cast a worrisome veil over the democratic process in the United States. These events poin ts out how racism is still a problem in the United States. Racism occurs often times out of fear. Many people fear what is different to them and what they do not know. This in turn, makes it scary when you see people who look different than you do and sometimes, you treat those individuals differently because you do not know them. Racism occurs in different facets of society. Schools, the government and the workplace are sometimes the worst examples of racism.Racism in schools Millions of African American and Latino young people in the United States don’t get an education equal to that of most whites, partly because the urban schools they go to don’t have as much money as the schools in the white suburbs. This is because the country has decided that much of the money for schools should come from local property taxes. So in communities where the houses and businesses are less expensive, the schools don’t get enough money to provide a high quality education. This is unfair. This is institutional racism.If we financed schools differently every student, regardless of his or her â€Å"race†, could go to a high quality school that was the equal of the schools other students attend. The Government Hurricane Katrina: The government had known for years that a big hurricane was likely to cause dangerous flooding in New Orleans. The plans they made didn’t include any way to get poor people (predominately African Americans) out of the city to safety. When the storm and the flooding did come with Hurricane Katrina in 2005, much of the country saw on TV that thousands of people of color were stranded in the city without food, water, housing or safety.The government was incredibly slow to rescue people, to provide food and shelter, and to help them rebuild their houses. Many people believe that if those stranded had been mostly white people the rescue efforts would have been much quicker and effective. Racism in the Workplace Racism in the form of discrimination persists in society also. A case in point is that blacks have traditionally suffered from higher rates of unemployment than whites. In June 2009, black employment was at 15. 3 % compared to an 8. 8% unemployment rate for whites. Do blacks simply not take the initiative that whites do to find work?Studies indicate that, in actuality, discrimination likely contributes to the black-white unemployment gap. (Thompson) Critics will say how can racism still exists with the election of the United States first black president. Since President Obama took office he has been a rise of subtle racism against our president. It can be seen in the supporters of the new â€Å"birthers† movement, who stir up doubts about Obama's citizenship. During the 2008 presidential campaign, there was no impetus to question John McCain’s birthplace even though it was common knowledge that McCain was born in Panama; because he is white.The president’s birthplace should n ot have been an issue at all but yet to this day you still have a lot of Americans who still question his birthplace. Critics also say with electing our first minority president, and minorities reaching higher levels of education, obtaining more earnings and more distinguished careers, one might infer that prejudice is dead. I contend that it is alive and flourishing while lurking beneath the shadows of figures that naturally inflate with the growth of a burgeoning society.If racism does not exist then what accounts for â€Å" the wide range of disparities that still exist in society, most of which show black Americans with worse outcomes than whites in areas such as income, home ownership, health and employment,† study researcher Samuel Sommers, a psychologist at Tufts University, said in a statement. When most Americans think of racism they think of the open racism back in the Civil Rights movement and during slavery times when crosses were burned in African-American yards. They think of the KKK when they think of racism which was upfront and in your face. The fact that the KKK and groups such as these that still exist prove the point that racism still occurs in the United States. While racism may not be as widespread as before, it exists, without a doubt. While we like to think that those unfortunate days of racism are behind us, it still exists. Today, racism is much less obvious and less prevalent. However, we are still reminded that racism is alive and well, and we must continue working to do away with it.Every day in the news there are stories dealing with the unfair treatment of minorities, women, and gays. America is the best country in the world because of the opportunity given to every individual and because of its constant struggle for equality of all. Any person, of any race, creed, or religion can succeed with hard work and determination. The problem is that the level of those individual’s success is sometimes determined, by the colo r of their skin. The race for social equality is persistent here, but there are still problems with the system.So, unfortunately racism does still exist today in the United States. References William-White, L. , & White, J. (2011). Color Marks the Site/Sight of Social Difference: Dysconscious Racism in the â€Å"Age of Obama†. Qualitative Inquiry, 17(9), 837. Retrieved December 12, 2011, from Research Library. (Document ID: 2495960131). William March. (16 May). Researcher: Evidence shows racism in opposition to Obama. McClatchy – Tribune Business News,. Retrieved December 12, 2011, from ProQuest Newsstand. (Document ID: 2348227321). Thompson Matthew (2011).Does Racism still exist today? Answers from Men. Retrived December 12, 2011 http://www. answersfrommen. com/2011/01/does-racism-still-exist-today/ Mosser, K. (2011). An introduction to logic. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. (https://content. ashford. edu) Pappas Stephanie. (2001) Study: Whites say they are racists’ victims. Retrieved December 12, 2011. http://www. cbsnews. com/stories/2011/05/24/scitech/main20065864. shtml http://poemhunter. com/poem/racism-is-around-me-everywhere/ http://www. politicususa. com/en/political-racism

Education in Saudi Arabia and the United States of America Essay

Education continues to be the priority of all nations around the world. Countries devote vast resources to ensure equal opportunity to study for their people. In return, the educated segment of the population becomes the wealth of these nations and will more likely meet the social and economic demands of the country. The educational systems are continuously developed to meet not just the local but also the global demands and challenges. It is more appropriate to look at the disparity on the education sector of one country to another in order to determine what needs to be improved and developed in one’s educational system. This paper aims to provide an assessment on the similarities and differences of education in two countries, Saudi Arabia and the United States of America (USA). The education in Saudi Arabia and the USA are similar in terms of government spending on education, freedom to choose the school where they will attend to, and education for people with special needs, while differ in terms of attitude towards education, literacy rate, religion in school, gender roles, grading scales, and stages of education. Both the Saudi Arabia and USA government spend immense resources on the education sector. The Saudi Arabia government’s increased awareness on the importance of education to its people paved way to its provision of bountiful support to education. Like the USA government, the Saudi Arabia government finance general education for both boys and girls. It also provides free post-secondary education and offers financial help to students. At cases, meals, books, and transportation are subsidized. In the same way, the USA government offers free general and post-secondary education for all financed by the government. In both countries, students are also allowed to choose what school they will attend to. They have the options to enroll in public, private, or home school. Most of the parents prefer to send their children in public school practically because they are much â€Å"free† from burden. There were also those who prefer private schools thinking that these schools might provide better, quality education to their children especially for those seeking a competitive edge in college admission. A few considers home schooling best for their children for reasons that they can effectively tailor a curriculum that would best suit their children’s academic strengths and weaknesses, especially those with disabilities. Aside from home schooling, those with disabilities may be sent to schools which will cater to their needs like schools for the blind, deaf, physically and mentally handicapped, among others (Education, 2005). The Saudi Arabia and USA governments have put on these schools to encourage individuals to their full potential and share social and emotional experiences with their peers having the same conditions as themselves. The curricula in the special classes given to the students were tailored fit to their needs. For instance, the educational programs given to the blind and deaf individuals were different. For sure, blind students were thought of using Braille while deaf students do not. One variation the Saudi Arabia and the USA government have is the attitude towards education. In the USA, school attendance is mandatory and nearly universal at primary and secondary levels. School districts meet to discuss school curricula, funding, teaching, and other policies to further improve the education in the state. On the other hand, in Saudi Arabia, the government does not impose mandatory attendance in school. Although, it is encouraged that the free primary and secondary education are availed since education is given free and open to every citizen. The literacy rate for the two countries presented, are varied. The USA literacy rate is estimated at 99% for both men and women, whereas, literacy rate in Saudi Arabia is estimated at only 84. 7% for men and 70. 8% for women (Literacy, 2007). The Saudi Arabia government recognizes the importance of literacy in propelling the economy; hence, one of its objectives for the education sector is to eradicate illiteracy especially among adults and girls through several literacy programs. In the USA, despite the high literacy rate, the government is continually implementing programs to further develop the education sector. Religion is the main core of education in Saudi Arabia. The curricula developed conform to the Shari’ah (Islamic holy law) and the Qur’an. Men were trained of Islamic education to become members of religious clergy. They provide religious secondary education with focus primarily on Islamic and Arabic studies, although, the curriculum also includes general education. The schools which administer these were Imam Muhammad bin Saud Islamic University and the Islamic University of Medinah (Sedgwick, 2001). On the contrary, education in the USA is not focused on religion but there are some schools which may offer religion subjects that are not quite extensive as religion studies in Saudi Arabia. In Saudi Arabia, education is segregated by sex. Education for boys is different from education for girls. Education is divided into three separately administered systems: general education for boys, education for girls and traditional Islamic education for boys (Sedgwick, 2001). However, in the recent years, education for girls was continuously being developed to meet the growing demands of the country. Unlike in the USA, education is offered to both sexes, giving them equal opportunity to study. The educational programs that were developed cater to both sexes. Grading scales were prepared to gauge the students’ performance on school. Grading scales in the USA and Saudi Arabia differ. In the USA, marks were given on the scale of A to F. In the criterion-referenced system, the equivalent grades of these to 0 to 100 percentile are as follows: A=95-100 or 90-100, B=85-95 or 80-90, C=75-85 or 70-80, D=65-75 or 60-70, and F is given to marks below 65 or 60. There is also the norm-referenced system where marks are given as follows: A=top 10% of the class, B=next 20% of the class, C=next 30% of the class, D=next 20% of the class, and bottom 20% of the class (Grading systems, n. d). On the contrary, the grading scale in Saudi Arabia was given as follows: 5=90-100, 4=80-89, 3=70-79, 2=60-69, and 1=0-59 (Sedgwick, 2001). The stages of education in both countries also vary. Education in Saudi Arabia starts with primary, followed by secondary, and higher education. Primary education is for ages 6 to 12. An intermediate education, which is part of primary education, is carried out for ages 12 to 15. Secondary education is divided into three: general, religious, and technical. These are taken by ages 15 to 18. The higher education is also divided into three stages: the baccaloreus (bachelor’s degree-4 years), darajat al majisteer (master’s degree – 2years), and doctoorah (doctorate– minimum of 3 years) (Sedgwick, 2001). On the other hand, education in the USA is composed of these stages: preschool (1 or 2 yrs), elementary/middle/high school (12 yrs), associate, bachelor’s, master’s, and doctorate degrees (Structure: General Information, n. . ). The differences in education in both countries mainly lie on their history, culture, social and economic conditions, whereas, the similarities were bought about by their desire to provide accessible, quality education free and open to all. Education stimulates the people to contribute to its country in addressing the increasing local and global demands. This motivates the countries to improve and further develop its educational system.

The Microwave Plasma Enhanced Engineering Essay

When diamond is mentioned, people will automatically believe about the cost that valued by the society. Why diamond, a type of gemstones, will be so much more than others? Diamond is non merely a shinny rock. It has a batch of great and alone belongingss such as highest hardness and thermic conduction of any bulk stuff. These belongingss determine the major industrial application of diamond in cutting and polishing tools. Besides, the optical feature is something that must be discuss in diamond. With highly stiff lattice, the optical features become important. However, diamond still can pollute by few types of drosss, such as B and N, which consequences in some colour for diamond. In this paper, a reappraisal of diamond will be presented.How diamond is madeNaturally, diamonds are formed at high force per unit area and high temperature conditions bing at deepnesss of 140-190 kilometer in the Earth mantle. They are bought near to Earth surface through volcanic eruptions by a magma, whi ch cools into pyrogenic stone known as kimberlites and lamproites. Figure 1shows a stage diagram of C. From Figure 1, diamond is stable at high force per unit areas and temperatures. Graphite, nevertheless, is the stable signifier of C under ordinary temperature and force per unit area conditions. One method of synthesising diamond is to subject graphite to conditions of about 55,000 ambiances and temperatures of about 2000 & A ; deg ; -C. However, even though C is non at the minimal energy province, it does non spontaneously convert from diamond to graphite. Since we know that diamonds are form at high force per unit area and high temperature. Research originally synthesis diamonds under same conditions, high force per unit area high temperature ( HPHT ) . Figure 1 Phase diagram for C. At sufficiently high temperatures and force per unit areas diamond is the stable. At lower temperatures and force per unit areas, black lead is the stable signifier. Under ordinary conditions for temperature and force per unit area, near 1 standard pressures and room temperature, diamond may be considered a metastable signifier of C. ( Reinhard ) The everyday belongingss of diamond such as hardness and high thermic conduction make it an of import new stuff in a broad scope of applications. However, the high cost of stuff production has limited the commercial used of diamond thin movies to a few applications. Today the engineering is able create artefactual diamond by chemical vapour deposition ( CVD ) . CVD is a method of bring forthing man-made diamond by making the fortunes necessary for C atoms in a gas to settle on a substrate in crystalline signifier. It is common to happen grammatical crystals with about equal development of ( 111 ) and ( 100 ) faces ( Figure 2 ) . ( DeVries ) Diamond grows by CVD frequently involves feeding changing sums of gases into a chamber, stimulating them and supplying conditions for diamond growing on the substrate. The gases include a C beginning and typically include H every bit good. However the sums used depends on the type of diamond being grown. In CVD of diamond, the factors driving cost include low reagent use, low deposition rates, high-energy ingestion, big thermic direction tonss at the substrate, and capital equipment costs. For successful consequence, diamond deposition depends on different chemical and conveyance procedures happening in the gas stage and on the surface. ( See Figure 4 for the ascertained forms of as-grown natural diamonds, high temperature high force per unit area ( HPHT ) grown synthetics and chemical vapor deposition ( CVD ) grown diamonds, including the measure patterns on the different faces ) Figure 2 Diamond crystals from CVD deposition. The largest dimension is about 20 jlm. ( DeVries ) All diamond CVD processes under a extremely energetic activation phase in the gas stage. It lead to two intents which are to disassociate the hydrocarbon precursor molecule into fragments that react more readily at the deposition surface and to disassociate molecular H to make a superequilibrium concentration of gas-phase H atoms. ( See Figure 3 for different technique of C dissolved in H vs. temperature ) Hot-filament reactors, microwave plasma reactors, DC arcjet reactors, and burning are most commonly energy used as diamond CVD reactors. These reactors have a few common characteristics and that ‘s why they are able to bring forth high quality diamond movies. They all have a big sum of energy, in the signifier of electrical or chemical free energy, is input to accomplish dissociation of molecular H and the hydrocarbon feedstock. Reasonably low force per unit areas are used to forestall three-body recombination of H to organize molecular H. High gas-phase temperature is produc ed in the activation zone, and inactive or active chilling is employed to keep a substrate temperature in the vicinity. However, they are different from the conveyance processes. Hot-filament and microwave plasma are dominated by diffusion which mean there is no thermic, speed, or concentration boundary bed. Linear gradients in temperature, speed, or species concentration between the excitement part ( hot fibril or plasma ball ) and the deposition surface in both reactors are frequently found. However, the disadvantage is growing rate is slow. DC arcjet CVD and burning is characterized by high speeds ; thin boundary beds in temperature, speed, and concentration are formed near the growing surface. In the followers, the item of each technique will be introduced. Figure 3 Differential solubility of C in H for different CVD diamond methods. Figure 4 Idealized morphologies of natural, HPHT-grown and CVD-grown diamonds. For the { 111 } and { 100 } faces characteristic orientations o f growing stairss are besides indicated. ( Nazare and Neves )High force per unit area and high temperature ( HPHT )Artificial Diamond is original made by high force per unit area and high temperature ( HPHT ) It is still widely used because of it ‘s comparatively low cost. It is typically processed under a force per unit area of 5GPa at 1500 & A ; deg ; C. There are two common systems ; Belt system and Bars system. In belt system, a immense hydraulic imperativeness with anvils and a ring molded construction are used. The upper and lower anvils supply the force per unit area burden to a cylindrical inner cell and a belt of pre-stressed steel sets confines the internal. Anvils serve as electrodes and supply electrical current to the compressed cell. A fluctuation of the belt imperativeness uses hydraulic force per unit area to restrict the internal force per unit area. Figure 5 is a conventional illustration of a belt system where diamond seeds are placed at the underside of the imperativeness. While the internal portion of imperativeness is heated, the liquefied metal dissolves the high pureness C beginning. The liquefied metal so transports to the diamond seeds and precipitates. Colorless diamond can be synthesized if the N is removed by blending little sum of Ti with the metal. ( International Diamond Lab ) Figure 5 aˆ?This is a conventional illustration of a Belt type HPHT imperativeness. ( International Diamond Lab ) BARS system is developed at the Russian Academy of Sciences in Novosibirsk. It is really similar to the belt type system. It is made up by eight outer anvils with a spherical outer form to which force per unit area is applied and six inner anvils to multiply the force per unit area to the sample. BARS system is the most compact, efficient, and economical of all the diamond-producing imperativenesss. ( International Diamond Lab )Hot-filament CVDHot-filament CVD is besides called thermally activated CVD. It is one of the earliest developed attacks to low force per unit area synthesis of diamond. A furnace lining metal, normally tungsten, is used as a fibril, is heated to high temperature around 2300 & A ; deg ; C. The temperature can be reach by opposition warming and the high temperature aid to trip the hydrocarbon-hydrogen gas mixture. The fibril is located a few millimetres above the substrate besides provides warming for the substrate. The hydrocarbon-hydrogen gas mixture is allowe d to flux across the hot fibril, where it is activated. Hot-filament CVD reactors are cheap and easy to build. The filament temperature, the place of the substrate with regard to the fibril, and the gas flow kineticss play of import factors in the procedure. However, there are several disadvantages of this technique such as taint of the diamond movie by the fibril, eroding and sagging of the fibril, and a comparatively slow growing rate. It is besides necessary to provide changeless power throughout a deposition utilizing a proper power accountant but the uniformity of the substrate temperature is hard to keep when utilizing multiple fibrils. ( Reinhard ) Figure 6 Conventional diagram of the hot fibril CVD procedure demoing the basic elements.Microwave plasma-enhanced CVD ( MPECVD )Microwave plasma enhanced CVD is widely used for diamond deposition. A magnetron is normally used to bring forth micro-cook energy at 2.45 GHz and a wave-guide assembly is used to match the energy to a resonating pit. MPECVD is an electrodless procedure, which is an advantage over other techniques, and there is no taint from the electrode stuff. The microwave plasma excitement of H generates superequilibrium concentrations of atomic H. The hits of negatrons with gas atoms and molecules generate high ionisation fractions. ( Reinhard ) Figure 7 Conventional apparatus of the CVD synthesis of diamond. ( Markus )Direct current ( DC ) arcjet discharge techniqueDC arcjet discharge is a really high growing rate procedure. Normally, this technique will be usage to synthesis midst and freestanding diamond substrates. A DC arcjet discharge reactor for diamond deposition consists of a gas injection nose, composed of a rod cathode, which is normally made of wolframs, concentric with a tubing anode. Gass are allowed to flux between the cathode and anode. Gass will be spray out from an opening in the anode so a high temperature discharge jet is created and sustained by a DC electromotive force across the electrode. The substrate is located downstream from the jet watercourse on a water-cooled substrate phase. Carbon precursor and graphite etchant gases would be introduced at different locations depending on the coveted activation temperature. Although this technique is frequently used because of the high growing rate, there is several disadvantages of it such as the movie can undergo from high compressive emphasiss, microvoids, and high surface raggedness. ( Reinhard )CombustionCombustion is good cognize for its scalable nature, minimum public-service corporation demands, and significantly cut down capital costs relative to plasma assisted procedures. The most of import parametric quantity in burning synthesis is the oxygen-to-acetylene ratio, defined as R = O2: C2H. At values of R near 1.0, a impersonal fire is achieved, which is defined as the status where the feather part merely disappears because all the ethyne is consumed in the primary fire. The diamond growing regimes as a map of composing are showed in Figure 9. The highest quality diamond is obtained in somewhat rich fires, when oxygen-to-acetylene ratio is about 0.85-1.0. The value of R at which a impersonal fire occurs is dependent on both burner design and entire flow rate. Substrate temperature is control in a scope from 950-1650K during burning CVD. With high temperatures, substrates has been limited to stuffs such as Si, aluminum oxide, and diamond. However, it is non easy to mensurate the substrate temperature in burning CVD due to the utmost heat fluxes present. Substrate temperature controls growing rate and morphology. As the substrate temperature additions, the growing rate is relative. ( See Figure 9 ) However, after the growing rate reaches its upper limit, an look of a rapi d diminution in both the quality and the growing rate is observed. ( Reinhard ) Figure 8 Two designs of atmospheric level fire burners: ( a ) a coflow design and ( B ) a cornet bell design ( Reinhard ) Figure 9 The consequence of substrate temperature on growing rate observed in burning CVD of diamond. In atmospheric torches the maximal growing rate occurs at substrate temperatures between 1450 and 1650 K ( Reinhard )MetastableDiamond is uncommon because of two grounds. First, the dynamicss of graphite formation are much faster than the dynamicss of diamond formation in normal status. Second, a big activation energy barrier between black lead and diamond prevents thermic activation of diamond into black lead. ( See Figure 10 ) When diamond is synthesized under conditions where black lead is the stable stage of C, the consequence of synthesising diamond is normally failed. It is because the denseness of diamond is greater than the denseness of black lead. ( Anthony ) At ordinary temperatures and force per unit areas, although diamond is non the minimal energy province of C, it is besides non an unstable phase of C. ( see Figure 1 ) Therefore, if C atoms are in the diamond lattice spacial agreement, the solid does non spontaneously change over to graphite under low temperature, low force per unit area conditions. Formation of diamond from nascent C incorporating species under metastable conditions is both thermodynamically allowed and readily achieved under proper deposition conditions. It is the lower temperatures and force per unit areas associated with this method of diamond synthesis that have offered the capableness of direct deposition of diamond on a assortment of substrates and have opened the possibility of new applications of diamond. For many such applications, the diamond thickness demand be merely on the order of microns ; hence the constructions are referred to as diamond movies. ( Reinhard ) Figure 10 Energy diagram of C ( Anthony )StructurePure diamond is composed merely by C and arranged in the diamond lattice. ( See Figure 11 In theory, pure diamonds are crystalline and colorless. ) In diamond lattice, each C atom has four nearest neighbours in the tetrahedral agreement associated with sp3 chemical bonds. The nearest neighbour distance is 1.54 & A ; Aring ; and the unit cell dimension is 3.567 & A ; Aring ; . The denseness of diamond is 3.515g/cm3. The measure of diamond is normally referred to carats, where one carat is equal to 200mg. ( Reinhard ) However, quality of diamond is considerable because both natural and man-made diamond may incorporate drosss and defects. Diamonds occur in assorted colour and these are caused by defects, including replaced drosss and structural defect. These defects will impact the light soaking up. Therefore, diamonds are characterized into type I, type II and some subtypes, with the former containing N as an dross and the latter being basically nitrogen free. ( John, Polwart and Troupe ) ( a ) ( B ) Figure 11 a ) Conventional diagram of carbon-carbon bonding in diamond and black lead ( Anthony ) B ) 3D diamond latticeType IType I diamonds in which impurity-related optical and paramagnetic soaking up are dominated by N defects. Normally, type I diamonds are crystalline to 300 nanometers. ( Robertson R. ) In general, the dross content of natural type I diamonds is more varied compared to that of type II diamonds. The most apparent difference between type I and II diamonds comes from IR soaking up spectra, which are considered to be the chief standard for this distinction. ( See Figure 12 for Refraction index of type I and type II ) About 98 % of natural diamonds contain nitrogen with concentrations noticeable in optical soaking up. 74 % of them have a N content high plenty to be decidedly classified as type I. Nitrogen is regularly nowadays in natural diamonds at degrees every bit high as 200 to 4000 ppm. ( Zaitsev ) In type I, there are three subtypes, type Ia, type Ib, and type Ic. Type Ia contains N in farily significant sums of the order of o.1 % which most natural diamonds belong to this type. Type Ib besides contains N but in spread substitutional signifier which most of man-made diamonds are this type. ( Markus ) Type Ic include diamonds that contain high concentration of disruptions. Even type Ic does n't truly related to contaimination of N but the feature of type Ic is categorized in type I. Type Ic has the absoption continuum at wavelength below 900nm and a extremum at 560nm. ( Zaitsev ) Figure 12 Refraction index of type IIa and type I natural diamonds in the UV spectral part ( Zaitsev )Type IIType II includes diamonds demoing no optical and paramagnetic soaking up due to nitrogen-related defects. The measure of N found in type II is really small. ( Below 1017cm-3 ) Type II diamonds are exhibited optical transparence up to 230 nanometers ( Robertson R. ) . However, it is rare to happen natural diamonds without nitrogen-related defects in soaking up. Merely 1 to 2 % of type II diamonds are found in nature. ( Zaitsev ) There are two subtypes are in type II, type IIa and type IIb. Type IIa is non effectual by N and this type of diamonds has enhanced optical and thermic belongingss. However, they are rare to happen in natural. Type IIb is a really pure type which has semiconducting belongingss and this type of diamond is normally find in bluish and highly rare in nature. ( Markus )Influence of defects and drossNitrogen does non strongly act upon the refractile index of diamond in the seeable spectral part. Therefore the refractile index for types I and II natural diamonds may non differ by more than 1 % . ( Robertson R. ) Since there is no definite inclination for discriminatory double refraction of diamonds of any type, it indicated that nitrogen dross does non straight act upon the double refraction of diamond. However there is a tendency such that natural diamonds of mean size, with an enhanced double refraction, are ultraviolet conveying. Diamonds with a low double refraction are normally ultraviolet-opaque and N is the caused for this consequence. Diamond with low N, type II, have a really distorted stressed crystal lattice. ( Zaitsev ) The double refraction of diamond is caused by fictile distortion, elastic distortion near inclusion, growing striations, growing sector boundaries, disruptions, grain boundaries, and diamond-substrate boundaries. The phenomena occur in both types of diamonds. The highest double refraction is found in fragments of natural diamonds where dodecahedral diamonds shows the least double refraction. Defects arises from sheets of stacking mistakes are expected to ensuing the double refraction contrast weaker than from partial disruptions. However, partial disruptions or stacking fault sheets will be seen merely the background double refraction is really low. ( Zaitsev )PropertiesDiamonds have some great belongingss that other stuff still can non be compared and that is the ground why people would wish to understand how diamond is formed and synthesis diamond to cut down the cost of the stuff. Diamond is good known for high thermic conduction, high electrical electric resistance, low coefficie nt of clash, high grade of chemical inertness, high optical scattering, big energy spread, low infrared soaking up, and high dislocation electromotive force. See Table 1 for outstanding belongingss of diamond. Table 1 Some belongingss of diamond ( Markus )Thermal PropertiesAs mentioned, diamond has high thermic conduction. For high quality individual crystals, normally type IIa, the thermic conduction, ? , is about 22W/cm & A ; deg ; C at room temperature. This belongings is due to the stiffness of diamond bond and the diamond construction, which rise to a high acoustic speed and a really high characteristic temperature. Recently, research worker has reported the best thermic conduction of the movie is about 11W/cm & A ; deg ; C. For midst movie, the conduction is about17W/cm & A ; deg ; C at room temperature. ( J.E. Graebner ) Figure 13 indicates the relation between thermic conduction and movie thickness, where thermic conduction additions with movie thickness. Thermal conducitivy besides depends on grain boundary. Diamond ‘s thermic conduction additions with decreasing temperature, making a upper limit of 42 W/cm-K near 80 K, after making the upper limit the thermic conduction les senings. Impurities, such as N, cut down the thermic conduction. Type I diamonds with 0.1 % N merely have 50 % thermic conduction values of type II diamonds in room temperature. Isotropic pureness increases the thermic conduction. Man-made diamond crystals grows with pure carbon-12 have thermic conductions 50 % higher than those of natural diamond for which the atomic weight is 12.01 because the stuff contains 1.1 % carbon-13. ( Zaitsev ) Figure 13Measured thermic conduction at 25 & A ; deg ; C for five samples ( squares ) . Solid circles show the derived conduction. The horizontal dotted line indicates the typical conduction reported for individual crystal high quality ( Type IIa ) diamond. ( J.E. Graebner )Optical PropertiesDiamond movies are normally crystalline in the infrared, with the exclusion of the carbon-hydrogen absorbing sets centered at about 2900cm-1, weak absorbing in the seeable spectrum, and increasing absorbing with diminishing wavelength in the UV visible radiation. The optical spread value is range from 0.38 to 2.72 for diamond movies. ( A. ) The index of refraction, both the existent portion N and fanciful portion K, and its spectroscopic fluctuation has been found to be dependent on the readying conditions and H content of the movies. Its value at 632.8 nanometers can be adjusted from 1.7 to 2.4 by seting the deposition conditions. ( A. ) This refractile index is big comparison to other crystalline stuff. With big refractile index, it is besides found big contemplation coefficient and a little angle for entire internal contemplation. ( Zaitsev ) The index of refraction is besides affected by the H content in the diamond movies and by and large additions with diminishing concentration of edge H. It is, nevertheless, dependant on the concentration of edge H and non entire H content in the movie. A higher index of refraction normally indicates diamond with stronger crosslinking, higher hardness, and better wear opposition. ( A. ) Diamond is besides photoconductive. There is a strong photoconductive extremum at 225 nanometers due to excitement of negatrons across the set spread in pure diamond, and in B doped diamond there are besides peaks from 1.4 to 3.5 ?m due to excitement of the deep-lying acceptor degrees. ( Reinhard )Electrical belongingssThe electrical belongings of diamond movie is good known for big set spread. Diamond have a modest bandgap. The energy set construction of diamond exhibits an indirect energy spread with a value of 5.47 electron volt at 300 K. This is sufficiently big that at near room temperature the intrinsic bearer concentration is negligible and the stuff is an dielectric with a dielectric invariable of about 5.7. ( Zaitsev ) ( See Figure 14 for set construction ) In an dielectric the valency negatrons form strong bonds between neighbouring atoms and accordingly these bonds are hard to interrupt. Thus, the bandgap is big and there are no free negatrons to take part in current condu ctivity at or near room temperature. ( Markus ) Figure 14 Activation energies for some drosss in diamond. B is boron for P type, P is phosphorus for n-type, and N is nitrogen. ( Markus ) The set construction of diamond movie is assumed to dwell merely a mobility spread, where bearers shacking in spread provinces are localized. The mobility spread produces semiconducting material behaviour, nevertheless, the high denseness of localised spread provinces leads to low apparent bearer mobilities and significantly degrades the semiconducting belongingss of stuff. Diamond movies normally have high electrical electric resistances from 102-1016? , depending on the deposition status ( A. ) The electrical conduction of diamond is more sensitive to drosss than the thermic conduction. The electrical electric resistance can be reduced by several orders of magnitude through incorporation of metals or N in the movies. The lessening of electric resistance by incorporation of dopants possibly related to a dopant induced graphitization. However, more groundss are needed to turn out. Boron doped p-type diamond exists in nature. The growing of B doped diamond movies by CVD techniques has been achieved by adding B incorporating molecules to the gas mixture in either a microwave or in a hot fibril reactor ensuing in the growing of B incorporating p-type diamond movies. ( A. ) ( R. ) N-type doping is much more complicated. It is still questionable about the possible giver atom that will give a shallow plenty energy degree in the spread to be sufficiently ionized at room temperature. Most late clear giver activity is phosphorus doped for n-type diamond. In Figure 15, the dependance of the electric resistance on measurement temperature. Similar inclines are obtained for all samples proves that in this temperature run the conductivity mechanism is thermally activated, with an activation energy of 0.46 electron volt, instead independent of growing conditions. ( R. ) Figure 15 Temperature dependance of the electric resistance of n-type diamond, doped with different sums ( ppm ) of P ( 300,800 K ) . ( R. )B. Mechanical PropertiesDiamond is the hardest known substance. Diamond besides has the lowest squeezability, the highest elastic modulus, and the highest isotropous velocity of sound ( 18,000 m/sec ) of any known materia ( Nazare and Neves ) . The grade of hardness is quantified in footings of both opposition to indenture and scratch ( or abrasion ) opposition. In footings of squeezability, the ratio of tensile emphasis to linear strain, or Young ‘s modulus, is 1050 GPa, a value about five times higher than that of steel. However under different methods of proving, the Young ‘s modulus is different and C11, C12, C44. Table 2 provides the Young ‘s moduli of diamond with different trial methods. Because of its brickle nature, diamond is non peculiarly strong. ( Markus ) Table 2 Elastic moduli of diamond ( GPa ) ( Nazare and Neves ) Method C11 C12 C44 Ultrasonics 950 390 430 X raies 1100 330 440 Brillouin 949 151 521 The mechanical strength of diamond is influenced by a figure of important factors, including the applied emphasis system, the ambient temperature and the grade of both internal ( drosss ) and external ( surface coating ) flawlessness. Fracture occurs when a certain degree of emphasis is applied and the manner of failure will be that which requires the smallest emphasis. Materials, where the bonding is preponderantly covalent or where there is a significant grade of covalent bonding, have a big built-in lattice opposition to dislocation gesture and failure occurs at low emphasiss, below the theoretical break emphasis. Diamond, as with any other crystalline stuff, can neglect by either brickle break, cleavage, or in a ductile manner, flow by a shear procedure. Although thermic belongingss and electrical conduction are both extremely affected by N, there is no clear grounds found that mechanical belongingss are clear related to N. ( Nazare and Neves )Highly inert chemicallyDiamond is ex tremely inert chemically, except for two state of affairss. It is susceptible to oxidising agents at high temperatures. For illustration, if diamond is heated in the presence of O, oxidization Begins at around 900 K. Besides, diamond is capable to chemical onslaught by certain metals at high temperatures. These include carbide formers such as wolframs, Ta, Ti, and Zr every bit good as dissolvers for C such as Fe, Co, manganese, nickel, Cr, and Pt. ( Zaitsev )ApplicationsDiamond is a really utile stuff because of the outstanding belongingss including high thermic conduction, high electrical electric resistance, low coefficient of clash, high grade of chemical inertness, high optical scattering, big energy spread, low infrared soaking up, and high dislocation electromotive force. With these belongingss, diamond is used for diverse application besides jewellery. They are normally used in mechanical application, optical applications, thermic applications, and sensor applications. Diamon d can be used for scratchy and wear opposition coating for cutting tools, lenses, Windowss for power optical masers, diffractive optical elements, heat sinks for power transistors, semiconducting material optical maser arrays, solar blind photodetector, and radiation hard and chemically inert sensors. Table 3 Future application countries for diamond electronics. ( Markus )Film editing ToolsSingle crystal diamond is used for coating of modulated or layered composing of two or more passage metal compounds. It is common to utilize diamond coating for certain types of crunching wheels or cutting of extremely scratchy metals and metals. There are two ways to use diamond on to the film editing tools. First, turning comparatively thick beds of CVD diamond from which separate freestanding pieces are obtained. These pieces are so brazed onto a cutting tool. Second, straight deposited diamond onto the film editing tools. ( Markus ) Often, high-quality diamonds are selected for usage in dressing tools for non-ferrous metals, aluminium, brass bronze, ceramics, black lead, and glass fiber-reinforced construction. ( Markus ) ( Hammond and Evans ) Single-point diamond is mounted in a metal matrix. They are normally used to dress and leave or reconstruct the needed geometric form to certain scrat chy wheels. Two typically signifiers of such film editing tools are single-point and multi-point. Today, individual or multi-point cutters include milling, turning, drilling, cutting-off and slitting. ( Hammond and Evans )Demonstrated surfacing diamond onto hardmetalsHardmetals are the most valuable and of import substrates for coated tools, due to their intrinsic belongingss and their broad scope of mechanical belongingss. They consist of WC and Co with add-ons of TiC, ( Ta5Nb ) C, and VC, which chiefly change their hardness and wear opposition. The sum of Co binder is mostly responsible for ductileness or crispness. Hardmetals have been used as wear parts and film editing tools for decennaries, with and without surfacing applications. Normally, successful diamond coatings on WC-Co substrates have no or a really low sum of three-dimensional carbides ( TiC ) and besides a comparatively low Co content. Both Co and TiC add-ons increase the thermic enlargement coefficient of the hardmetal and cut down the adhesion of the diamond coating. A high Co vapour force per unit area and its high mobility on the substrate surface influence diamond deposition. In the gas stage environing the substrate surface, Co catalyses the formation of nondiamond C stages, which can be deposited at the interface prior to the diamond formation. How and why the Co drops reach the diamond coating surface is non yet to the full understood. Surface forces might play an of import function ( See Figure 16 ) . Figure 16 Co as portion of the hardmetal binder stage and its influences on the diamond depositionElectrochemical ApplicationsElectrochemical behaviour of boron-doped CVD diamond is one of the most promising applications of conductive diamond. Boron doped diamond fits the demand for an electrode operates inertly and without impairment in rough chemical environments. Compare to platinum electrodes, diamond electrodes provide a much wider potency scope over which no important H2O decomposition occurs. ( Reinhard ) Diamond electrodes are suited substrates for reactions crossing a broad possible scope in aqueous solutions. They besides have the advantage of chemical stableness, even in extremely aggressive environments. In Figure 17 the I-V curves obtained with a B doped CVD diamond electrodes in assorted ( KI, KBr, and HCl ) solutions are shown. The behaviour of the doped diamond electrode is much superior to that of the commonly used baronial metal electrodes. Diamond bears as a stuff for the fiction of cold cathode or other negatron breathing devices requires the diamond to be electrically conductive, with no demand for an accurately known doping degree. ( R. ) Figure 17 Current V. Potential of a extremely B doped CVD diamond electrode in ( a ) 1 M KI ; ( B ) 1 M KBr and ( degree Celsius ) 1 M HCl. Scan rate 150 mV/s. The alone negatron emanation belongingss of diamond are the most promising applications of semiconducting diamond. Although, no clear apprehension of the natural philosophies that determined the negatron emanation from diamond emerges. There are still many applications such as field emanation from diamond surfaces utilizing diamond to conductive.Thermal ManagementThe high thermic conduction of diamond, combined in some instances with its chemical inertness and high electrical electric resistance, makes it of involvement for a assortment of thermic direction applications. Laser diamond heat sinks and other thermic direction substrates formed from CVD polycrystalline diamond are illustrations of available merchandises. Because diamond combines exceptionally high thermic conduction with exceptionally low electrical conduction, it is of considerable involvement in electrical packaging applications. It provides efficient waies for heat flow without compromising the electrical isolation of single constituents. ( Reinhard )Transmission ApplicationsDiamond provides a window with high transmission for assorted parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. It is an ideal radiation window stuff in peculiar for applications affecting high power degrees and mechanical, thermic or chemical burden. Due to its big bandgap ( 5.5 electron volt ) and the deficiency of infrared active cardinal vibrational manners, diamond is optically crystalline over a big wavelength scope. Even at elevated temperatures, diamond remains crystalline, since the big bandgap does non let the formation of free bearers. In the x-ray part of the spectrum, diamond is of involvement for x-ray lithography masks. The low atomic figure of diamond consequences in low x-ray soaking up. Another illustration is in high-octane gyrotrons such as are used in merger research. This application requires the transmittal of really big powers ( megawatts ) at microwave frequences ( 170 GHz ) every bit good as the ability to dis perse heat quickly. The ability to convey high powers in the optical part of the spectrum is of involvement to laser interior decorators because the design of high-power optical masers is power limited by harm bounds to laser optics instead than restrictions of the optical maser medium or pumping mechanisms. The abrasion opposition and chemical inertness make diamond of involvement as an optical coating stuff every bit good. ( Reinhard ) Diamond is known for its broadband optical transparence covering the UV, seeable, close and far IR. In this scope the optical transmittal exhibits merely minor intrinsic soaking up sets originating from two- phonon ( 1332-2664 cm-1 ) and three-phonon ( 2665-3994 cm-1 ) passages. The maximal soaking up coefficient sums to 14 cm-1 at 2158 cm-1. This holds true for optical class CVD-diamond as shown in Figure 18. The soaking up around 10 ^m is of peculiar involvement for CO2-laser constituents and because many IR detectors operate within the 8-12 ?m atmospheric window. ( Nazare and Neves ) Figure 18Transmission spectrum of a high-quality CVD-diamond window ( thickness: 150 ?m ) ( Nazare and Neves ) CVD-diamond is besides used as vacuity Windowss for high-power microwave ( Gyrotron ) tubing. These Gyrotron tubings are used for the negatron cyclotron warming of merger plasmas. Power degrees transcending 1 MW at frequences of around 100 GHz have been demonstrated. Until late the end product window of these devices has been the most critical constituent restricting the maximal end product power or the pulse continuance. In this context CVD-diamond window with H2O edgecooling is found to be really promising. The highly high power degree requires really low insulator losingss. CVD-diamond exhibits loss tangent values every bit low as 10-5 ( at 140 GHz ) . Below 350-400 & A ; deg ; C there is practically no temperature dependance. In the 10- 145 GHz range the loss tangent decreases with frequence as 1/f [ 27 ] or as 1/f05. ( Nazare and Neves )X-ray lithography masksThe declaration bound of optical lithography is defined by diffraction and sprinkling as the characteristic size approach es the exposing wavelength. X ray lithography, which uses significantly shorter radiation ( 0.8-1.5 nm versus 300-400 nanometer ) , offers a proficient way to accomplishing the higher declaration. However, several factors have delayed the execution of X-ray lithography on the production line for IC fiction. The major non-technical factor is related to the immense constitutional optical technological substructure which has continued to do important betterments by utilizing measure and repetition exposure tools, integrating multilevel resist, using contrast foils, utilizing shorter wavelength radiation, planing higher numerical aperture optics, which has efficaciously delayed the execution of X-ray lithography. The proficient barriers to X-ray lithography execution include the absence of a dependable, high volume, low defect denseness X-ray mask engineering, a high velocity X-ray resist, a high velocity, low cost exposure/alignment tool. The best mask stuff has low atomic figure since the X-ray transparence improves with diminishing atomic figure. TABLE 1 reveals the failing of polymers as membrane stuff campaigners. They are non merely hygroscopic but are automatically soft and hence easy distorted. The metals Ti and Be are reasonably stiff ; nevertheless, their opacity is troublesome, but non pathological, since alliance Windowss can be etched in the membrane after overcoating with polyimide to back up the alliance form. Beryllium would be first-class were it crystalline, dismissing its toxicity. Si and its nitride and oxide are good from an X-ray and optical transparence point of view but lack the mechanical stiffness of the furnace linings like SiC, BN and diamond. Si has the important advantage of a big installed engineering base and capital equipment handiness. As can be seen, diamond has the highest stiffness factor S of any stuff. There are other factors to see in choosing a stuff such as: scale-up of fiction procedure, X-ray-induced debasement, surface smoothness, two-dimensionality, secondary negatron emanation induced by the X raies, adhesion of metallization. Diamond ‘s low mass soaking up coefficient and low denseness make it compatible with a assortment of X-ray beginnings. ( Nazare and Neves ) Table 4 Comparison of stuffs based on X-ray transparence Texas, optical transparence to, and mechanical stiffness S. ( Nazare and Neves ) Material Texas ( ?m ) t0 S = Et0Z ( I-V ) ( GPa Polyimide 8.7 & A ; gt ; 5 43 Mylar 8.5 & A ; gt ; 5 42 Titanium 1.09 Opaque–Be 42.0 Opaque–Silicon 9.6 2 362 Al2O3 0.8 1 448 SiO2 4.99 5 444 Si3N4 7.71 6 728 BN 7.94 4 420 SiC 6.81 3 1590 Diamond 5.9 2 2336Detectors and DetectorsDiamond-based devices are besides of involvement for observing a assortment of radiation types every bit good as feeling assorted physical parametric quantities such as temperature and force per unit area. For illustration, diamond thermal resistors have been proposed for temperature measuring in hostile environments such as chemical processing, gearbox oil, and cryogenies. The piezoresistive consequence of diamond has been used to feel force per unit area, and p-type CVD polycrystalline diamond is reported to hold a big piezoresistive gage factor [ 12 ] . Diamond is highly radiation hard, with a 55-eV supplanting energy for a C atom in the diamond lattice. It besides acts as an ionizing radiation sensor and is hence of involvement for radiation measurings where exposure to big doses is required. The big set spread of diamond make it of involvement as a UV sensor, based on photoconduction, which is blind to seeable visible radiation. ( Reinhard )Decision

Do you think that intercountry difference, affect HRM practices and Essay

Do you think that intercountry difference, affect HRM practices and strategies Discuss and debate the specific activities an in - Essay Example ..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...8 a.Role of International Human Resource Manager †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 b.Resource-based View †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.10 c. Required Competence †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.11 Conclusion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..12 Introduction Intercountry differences refer to substantial distinction and variant geopolitics and economic relations adopted and practiced within specific respective region, including the dissimilarities of opportunities present in a social sphere (The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 2005, pp. 1-10). Some people would perceive that this egregious disparity violate their sense of being especially if there is little that can be done to transform the divergence between advanced and emerging country. Is this situation affecting corporate human resource management strategies and practices? This paper will critically discuss human resource management within the context of intercountry differences using peer-reviewed journals and books sourced from online publication and books from the library. The researcher will likewise demonstrate the significance of the importance between corporate and human resource (HR) strategy, including the management of performance and development. Researcher will likewise synthesize the inter-relationship between the key areas of organizational strategy and HRM. It is further hoped that researcher will be able to demonstrate the significance of wider environmental context in the d rafting and formulation of HRM strategy. The researcher will use qualitative study in the explication of the subject using descriptive narratives that are sourced from secondary peer-reviewed journals and books. Qualitative study offers complex textual descriptions about organizational experiences and observations notwithstanding the differing behaviours, beliefs, opinions, emotions, and relationships (Strauss & Corbin, 1990, p. 12). It is a generally used effective tool in identifying factors, social norms, socioeconomic conditions, and other causes associated in this study. Researcher maximize the historical and contemporary evidences to elucidate the subject matter hand and in correlating strategic human resource management with business management offshore. Whilst delving into the inter-country differences and its affects to human resource management, the researcher will likewise appreciates the contemporary values of the society that have serious implications in this study. Suc h encompassed concerns on beliefs, behaviours, objects, and characteristics, adhered by the populace in a society, including the oppressive system of governance, have strong influence in their decision-makings (Plummer, 1983, p. 18). Review of Literature Organizational strategists noted that human resource management is influenced by variegated factors and influences emanating from socio-political, cultural, and economic disparities. Intercountry inequities and disparities The market, which is less perfect, reflects such inequalities in power and wealth that is also deflected to opportunities and the manner on how resources are allocated and on how potentials are maximized (The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development,

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Learning diaries - Essay Example He advises that managers can use many strategies concurrently, but one can switch between the different hats as business progresses (Hargie, 2011, P. 15).The white hat strategy focuses on management’s decision centering on just the facts at the management’s disposal. Management wearing the white hat has to primarily and ultimately make decisions based on the facts at hand before making any decisions. The only considerations’ base is on proposals and data, and their presentation focuses only on neutrality and their presentation. Bono advises that although it is viable, the leader should not wear it for a long time as it only asks the questions of â€Å"what is the manager has, what is missing, what the manager would like to have and how to avail this extra information† (Hargie, 2011, P. 75). The yellow hat strategy asks management to base their decisions purely on how benefits can are attainable. Management in the yellow hat should not look for the cons in entering the particular business ideas. It focuses on just the positive side of things with pros filling the sheet of paper. The underlying factor in wearing the yellow hat suggests that the entrepreneur to assess the benefits of venturing into the idea, it focuses on the proposal at hand and assesses the positive assets available (Hargie, 2011, P. 765). The manager should then ask how this proposal should commence. Bono asserts that its viability is that every good business idea deserves the entrepreneur’s attention Yellow hat attire, but the profits are not always instantly (Hargie, 2011, P. 765). The black hat sends out a word of precaution. When wearing the white hat, one’s obligation focuses on cynicism and utter concentration on assessment. One has to carry out logical assessments, focusing on the attributed costs, the formulation, the feasibility and also the safety factor. Usually, this decision making hat reflects on why the proposals do not align with the facts at

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Children's Social Behavior And Education - Essay Example It is natural that children have a tendency to revolt against social restrictions imposed on them. They usually have a tendency to only reluctantly submit to social conditioning that happens to them in early years. But in Samuel’s case, his behavior shows an upward trend towards socially unacceptable behavior which has reached a stage in which he might even lose his opportunity for education. It is in this context that Samuel’s behavior should be analyzed and remedies sought. The expectations that others keep regarding a child’s behavior is one factor affecting the behavior itself. There is also the danger of labeling Samuel as a â€Å"bad boy†, which might aggravate his situation (Mah 2007, pp.13). It seems that the English teacher of Samuel has already labeled him as a bad boy, which is evident from their mutual hatred. But this kind of labeling can have a seriously negative impact (Mah 2007). Labeling is also related to the language that is being used to describe a child who has some kind of behavioral problem (Lee 2010). Lee has opined that â€Å"the language used to describe behavior [†¦] can cause problems in schools† (2010, pp.5). Porter has observed, â€Å"issue with language is that terms such as ‘misbehavior’ or ‘inappropriate behavior’ do not specify to whom those acts are ‘inappropriate’ (2006, pp.4). Porter has also noted an important point when he said this kind of judgment of the child â€Å" implies that teacher’s judgment on this issue is sacrosanct† (2006, pp.4). It is also noted, â€Å"the implication is that, when there is a disruption in a classroom, the offending students are to blame-there is something wrong with them† (Porter 2006, pp.4). Factors like family, early years setting, living atmosphere and social attitudes and value systems have been found to affect children’s behavior in a given context (Papatheodorou 2005).

Health Promotion Among the Homeless Essay Example for Free

Health Promotion Among the Homeless Essay As the economy changes, so does the availability of services, goods and money for many every individual. For those individuals who are already struggling with some type of issue such as a decrease in hours worked, wage, disability, domestic violence etc. these changes affect them in a much more severe context. For those who become or are homeless, health care may not be the first thing to take care of on their daily tasks list. Other things like eating, finding safe shelter and not getting arrested are of the most importance. However as many contract health related diseases such as tuberculosis, diabetes, scabies, influenza, etc. health care becomes of concern and a necessity in order to maintain a way of life. Health promotion among the homeless community is not only important but needed. Health promotion can be effective with the appropriate intervention methods, professional staff and the continuous availability of services and goods offered to the community. The National Coalition for the Homeless (2009) noted that the Census Bureau calculated that 45. million Americans did not have health insurance in 2007 and out of this 45. 7 million uninsured individuals, 8. 1 million children in the United States were without health insurance. Homelessness and lack of health care are positively related and having no health insurance at all can itself alone cause homelessness. According to the National Coalition for the Homeless (2009), half of all personal bankruptcies in the United States in 2008 were due to hea lth related problems. The most important fact to remember when promotion health to this community is that they have little to no money, experience embarrassment, nervousness and/or may become offended and may not appear as if they need help but may or may not be mentally ill. These three things are not only considered barriers to the community when trying to receive health care but they are also barriers to the medical professionals who are not properly educated on how to show discretion and privacy for each homeless individual. Other relevant barriers include the lack of knowledge about where to get treated, lack of transportation and health care costs. To overcome these barriers, medical health professionals must be adequately educated on this community and any new developments within this community as well. Also affordable transportation and public assistance must be indiscriminately made available to this population. One of the biggest ways to break these barriers is to create and increase public health funding for this population. There is one federally funded program, Health Care for the Homeless, which provides health care for homeless persons. These services include but are not limited to substance abuse services, emergency care and public housing assistance. Also providing dental and mental health care in most areas, this federally funded program creates a standard by which other programs created should be based off of and also provides a foundation to for other programs needed to assist this growing population. Poor health in the homeless community has an effect on society. Homelessness impacts the community in the following ways: economically, politically, legally and physically. As the number of unhealthy homeless individuals increase, the cost of maintaining and operating health facilities and service programs that cater to this population increases. Taxpayers fund these programs and services with the help of private donations. When the homeless do not seek out these federally funded or privately funded services and programs, they seek another method of obtaining money and/or services by panhandling or stealing, this creates a legal problem. Also for those individuals who do not go to a shelter or place to eat, they must find food and typically they do this through garbage cans and recyclable places. This action creates health issues which causes this epidemic to continue. As there are those businesses that may deny the homeless individual to bathe or clean themselves properly, he/she may go days without proper hygiene care causing another more health problems such as scabies or other bodily infections. In conclusion, homeless individuals have the human and legal right to access public information and health services provided to every other human being. It is the writer’s opinion that a portion of the tax payer’s dollar should be spent to provide health insurance and health care to those that are homeless to a certain extent. The writer believes that each homeless individual should receive an annual checkup that includes mental, dental and physical services. For those taxpayers who make above a certain income range should be required to pay more of a percentage of services needed after the initial appointment. The writer believes that homeless individuals deserve the same amount of care as those who are not homeless deserve. Health issues in the homeless community are ones that can be solved with constant interventions and involvement at the community level.

Online Food Catering Essay Example for Free

Online Food Catering Essay When I first began this project, I though that I would do the normal pasta and add the cheapest sauce I could find, but then I thought â€Å"why make something typical, when I could make something that reflects my culture and is cheap†. So I did just that. I went and researched online â€Å"Arab peasant food† and came up with mixed bean soup. Some of the main challenges I faced was keeping the meal under the budget. This was especially difficult because if I add more spice, it will become too expensive, but if I don’t I will have a lot of money left over. In the end I bought some popsicles for desert(which wouldn’t be a good idea in the 30’s because the lower class didn’t have freezers). The last and probably the hardest challenge I faced was getting my family to eat my dinner. During this project I realized how tough it must be to try to think of and execute something that supports your health but is also at such a low cost. When I interviewed my family members they had some vry interesting views that I didn’t expect. My father was happy with the meal and thought it suited the assignment very well though he had some critiques of the flavor of the dish. He also stated that he â€Å"would eat the dish for long periods of time if necessary, but after more than a couple days, I would choose another dish if possible. He also said that if we were to save a couple bucks we would eat less fresh foods and no fruits or veggies. † My brother was a bit less open minded and said that the soup was very bland and â€Å"boring† and that people in the great depression â€Å"couldn’t live with horrible food like this. The healthiness of this meal is fairly good, with the exception of the popsicles. The beans provided exceptional nutritional value with high concentrations of protein and lots of fats and starch in the pasta. If I would have to live like this for a long time, I would probably get sick of it, but if it the only thing available to eat, I could cope. If a present day depression were to occur, my family would probably sell all UNNESSEARY items and downgrade on items we must have. Within this period I would feel as if my government has betrayed me and I was â€Å" left for the wolves†.

The Conflict Between Manmade Law And Natural Law Philosophy Essay

The Conflict Between Manmade Law And Natural Law Philosophy Essay When Agamemnon is forced to return Chryseis back to her father, he gives an ultimatum declaring that he would only do so if he gets Briseis in exchange. This infuriates the mighty Achilles beyond control (hence the above quote) who then goes on to confront Agamemnon. This where the whole issue of manmade law vs. natural law comes into play, because in book I, Agamemnon is described as a powerful man who lords it over all the Argives, one the Achaeans must obey A mighty king, Achilles on the other hand, is expressed as the matchless runner. This shows us that even though by the law of nature, Achilles should be the one who is in control, but by the right of birth, Agamemnon is the one in complete power. When trying to explain the difference in manmade law vs. natural law, the distinction is very straightforward. There are certain rules in society that we have to abide by in order for harmonious living. These are basic norms and values that are drilled into us from childhood through va rious forms of socialization such as school, family etc. These include various regulations such as respect, love and to value those who are near and dear to us. In school we have various sanctions imposed on us if we break any of the set norms such as cheating or skiving class for no apparent reason. For more serious offences such as murder, fraud or theft, various agents of social control can rein in these unnatural desires by putting us into remand homes or jail. Furthermore, within a country we are given certain human rights which we can exercise on a daily basis such as freedom of speech, right to equal protection under the law etc. When new rules and regulations are set up within a society, we say that these rules are manmade, as these do not comes naturally to us. Natural law is that unwritten law that is more or less the same for everyone everywhere. To be more exact, natural law is the concept of a body of moral principles that is common to all humankind and, as generally posited, is recognizable by human reason alone. Natural law is therefore distinguished from-and provides a standard for- manmade law, the formal legal enactments of a particular society. Since laws are made for a reason; natural law is used to dictate human reason. In fact, it is law discovered by human reason. Our normal and natural grasp of the natural law is affected by reason, that is, by the thinking mind, and in this service reason is sometimes called conscience. We, in all our human acts, inevitably see them in their relation to the natural law, and we mentally pronounce upon their agreement or disagreement with the natural law. Such a pronouncement may be called a judgment of conscience. The norm of morality is the natural law as applied by conscience. Lastly, we ca n say that the natural law is the disposition of things as known by our human reason and to which we must conform ourselves if we are to realize our proper end or good as human beings. So in a more concise form, we can say that natural law is that by human beings can rationally guide themselves to their good. The origins of natural law theory lie in Ancient Greece. Many Greek philosophers discussed and codified the concept of natural law, and it played an important role in Greek government. Later philosophers such as St. Thomas Aquinas, Thomas Hobbes, and John Locke built on the work of the Greeks in natural law theory treatises of their own. Many of these philosophers used natural law as a framework for criticizing and reforming manmade laws, arguing that manmade laws which are unjust under the principles of natural law are legally wanting. Some theorists argue that humans may give up certain rights to live in society, for the better human good. However, the basic tenets of equality and a desire to do good still remain. Some people also integrate religious beliefs into natural law theory, while others refer more generally to basic moral laws which may or may not be guided by religious faith. To actually understand the basis of the natural law theory, we have to go back in time, as Aristo tle was the pioneer in coming up with this theory. In ancient Greece, the emphasis on the difference between nature (physis, ) and law, custom, or convention (nomos, ) was made obvious from the start. It basically meant that even though the law of the land may vary from place to place, but by nature they should be the same everywhere. Against the conventionalism that the distinction between nature and custom could create, Socrates and his philosophic heirs, Plato and Aristotle, put forward the existence of natural justice or natural right. Going back to explaining natural law and manmade law in the Iliad, we can clearly see the disproportion in the ranks within the army. Achilles, who is the son of the goddess Thetis, is made the leader of the Achaeans whereas Agamemnon is the commander-in-chief and is a mere mortal. Furthermore, we note that Achilles is self-less and noble, while Agamemnon is self-centered and egotistical. Proof of this is evident when Achilles is made to give up his prize (Briseis) because Agamemnon demands it in return for sending back Chryseis. Achilles is enraged by the request and argues that the plunder has already been distributed and a good man does not take back what he has given. Agamemnon and Achilles argue, each man insulting the other. Agamemnon threatens to take a prize if one is not given to him, and Achilles reminds him that all of the Achaeans are fighting against foes who have only wronged Menelaus. For the sake of the two royal brothers, the Argives bloody their hands against men wh o have done them no wrong. Achilles also complains that though he bears the heaviest burden in battle, it is the king who is always greedy for prizes. Achilles refuses to fight anymore as he will go home to Phthia. Because of this dishonor, anger seizes Achilles and he strides toward Agamemnon to kill him. Hera sends the goddess Athena to stop him. Only Achilles can see Athena, who tells him not to kill the king. She promises that Achilles will be justly compensated for this great dishonor and Achilles obeys her. This is itself is a trait to be noted, even though Achilles is seething with rage and a passion to destroy Agamemnon there and then, he restraints himself just because he is instructed by a goddess and shown that even though he may be stronger and more virtuous of the two, Agamemnon is still the king and thus he must be obeyed unconditionally. Manmade law is made for the betterment of mankind. Man knows this law, makes this law, and therefore has the ability to break this law, or amend it, or delete it. In the Iliad, we can see that Agamemnon not only twists and turns the law to his advantage but even tries to test his army, just so he can be confident that his army still pays him the kind of respect demanded by a king, unquestionable and undeniable. This is seen when Thetis, pleads with Zeus to intervene and bring the battle between the two mighty warriors to an end. Zeus then comes to Agamemnon in his dream, but Agamemnon manipulates it to his advantage. We also observe the obvious difference between Achilles and Agamemnon, when Nestor, oldest of the Achaean kings, rises and tells the two men that they must listen to him, because he is old and has lived and fought with warriors greater than any now living. He asks Agamemnon not to take Briseis, Achilles fairly won prize, and he tells Achilles that he must respect Agamemn ons position as commander-in-chief. His words are lost on the two men. Achilles returns to his ships with his companion Patroclus. The Achaeans send the ships to make the sacrifice, with Odysseus in charge of the expedition. Meanwhile, Agamemnon sends men to fetch Briseis, who is given up without a fight Achilles does not resist because the girl was a gift distributed by Agamemnon and the great warrior feels it is not his place to refuse the king. This clearly shows that if Achilles wanted, he could have struck down Agamemnon without any effort and still has his army, but he choose to obey the law of the land and conform to the rule of obeying ones king. Agamemnon on the other hand, misused and abused his power and took what was not his and behaved in a way not fitting for a ruler. As per positivists like Rousseau (1754), there is no law unless we create it, which is true in the sense that there are no social consequences of our actions unless society has agreed to implement such consequences. The concept of natural law suggests that there are forces acting upon man that are beyond change. Although there are obvious examples of scientific natural law, such as the law of gravity, there are more subtle examples such as the law that stealing from your neighbor will cause hardship on you and others. According to Dentreves (1954) Natural Law is binding beyond the will of any material being, man included. What this is trying to imply is that natural law exists even without the existence of man, and indeed as history shows us, natural law did exist well before man, and even life in general. Manmade laws are culturally and psychologically defined, in no way can they be confused with natural law. The line between natural and manmade law must be drawn between those laws which were consciously created and those which exist somewhat by default. Yves R. Simon says that natural law cannot be broken. Moral sentiments seem to be natural law because our morality leads us to think egocentrically about it. Manmade law is also known as positive law in many contexts, the reason this is so is because they are typically imposed on the citizens of a particular area. There are many arguments that point towards the fact that positive law is always religious in nature, for example The Ten Commandments of Christianity; Christians might consider the Ten Commandments valid not only because they are rooted in moral principles, but also because they may have been etched in stone by God. This view is supported by the fact that positivists believe that in order for a law to be obeyed, it must be endorsed by an individual in authority. Ethics are sometimes woven into positive law, but behaving in an unethical way is not necessarily considered a violation of the law. For ex ample, it may be considered unethical for a corporation to minimize profits for its own gain; however, if this behavior is performed under the applicable positive law, it may not be illegal. Besides, another theory that comes through by many sociologists such as Novak stated that man made law has actually stemmed from natural law. The example he gave for this is that of traffic rules, what could be the purpose of looking both ways before crossing a street? The answer was simple he argued, every human being has the natural instinct of staying alive and will try to avoid any situation is which their life is in danger. Behaving in any other way, would result in altruistic behavior, i.e. in order to motivate oneself, behaving in a manner that is selfless and detrimental. Going back to analyzing the implications of the conflict between manmade law and natural law in Book I of the Iliad, we can now look into it with a more educated point of view. Achilles behaved in an honorable way because one reason may be that he may want to remain true to his personal code of ethics or second he may be doing so, so that he still commands the same sort of respect from his subordinates as be fore. We should note however, that even though Achilles rage is legendary, one word from Athena calmed him enough to restrain himself. The saying your freedom ends where my nose begins can be aptly applied to this particular situation. This is because even though Agamemnon openly slighted Achilles in front of the entire army and showed him who was in charge, Achilles ignored it. Adler, in his works, once said that natural law means principles of human conduct, not the laws of nature discovered by the physical sciences. According to him, the natural law as applied to physical things or animals is sacred; stars and atoms never disobey the laws of their nature. But man often violates the moral rules which constitute the law of his specific human nature. For e.g. Plato calls it justice and applies it to the human soul and human conduct. The first precept of natural law is to seek the good and avoid evil. It is often put as follows: Do good unto others, injure no one, and render to every man his own. Now, of course, such a general principle is useless for organized society unless we can use it to specify various types of rights and wrongs. That is precisely what man-made, or positive, law tries to do. Thus, the natural law tells us only that stealing is wrong because it inflicts injury, but the positive law of larceny defines the various kinds and degrees of thef t and prescribes the punishments. Such particular determinations may differ in various times and places without affecting the principles of natural law. Neither Aquinas nor Aristotle thinks that particular rules of laws should be the same in different times, places, and conditions. In the Iliad, the implications of pitting man made law versus natural law can be countless. Achilles refused to fight in the war against the Trojans, because his pride was wounded during his personal battle against Agamemnon. He vowed that he would not fight Hector, greatest warrior of the Trojans, and thus avenge his hurt when he sees Agamemnon fall dismally to the ground. If Agamemnon had not exercised his right as the supreme ruler, this would not have happened and he, with the help of mighty Achilles, would have continued his victorious streak against Troy. In conclusion, it is easy to see that because of the various rules drawn out for us in society, expressing our true sentiments can be tricky. Even Achilles, the matchless runner, had to curb his fury because going with his instinct would bring embarrassment and shame to himself. Finally, in my opinion, the affect of manmade laws in society is far greater than that of natural laws. We see it in everyday life even, we can always look to people in power e.g. politicians and see that its not always the smartest or most virtuous person who is elected to power, more times than not, the people responsible for our life are those who are already moneyed or have enough financial stability to fund their next three generations. Hence the laws that are put into effect only benefit them and their allies. The Iliad was used as a guidance manual for generations and people still look to it for moral lessons, this is because even though it took place centuries ago, the fundamental message is still well founded for todays modern society. Natural Law Vs. Manmade Law 3

Integrating Technology into County High School Essay -- Technology, Ed

Integrating Technology into County High School Over the past few years' schools have been integrating technology into the classroom through new methods, ideas, grants, and personal experience. Not only has it enriched the learning experience as a whole but also it has proven to be effective in motivating and influencing students desires to learn not only in the classroom but outside as well. Through things such as state and federal funding it is possible to make some of these seemingly impossible technological advances come to a small town such as ours. Students from around the country who have already been awarded the privileges of being awarded technology grants said it helped them in five ways. These five ways were that the devices encouraged students to explore topics further, helped to manage time, provided new learning tools, made courses more interesting, and increased their learning. (Woke 1) with out expanding our educational technologies through out the district to include things such as iPads, laptops for every stude nt, and social networking to be used in the classroom will not be preparing its student body for the 21st century. With out a doubt County High School needs to move to more 21st century, hands on, and learning styles in the classroom. The question is what is the means of doing this and how do we integrate it into what we do now. It is a step by step process but one of the first things we need to do is make sure every kid has a laptop. This is extremely possible because Granville County School in North Carolina passed out 900 lap tops to ever student. (Granville 2) this is a great way to start putting technology into schools while making the parents and students aware. Also to insure quality and respons... ...he social networking cites and access you are able to make a broader spectrum of student to teach communication and student to student communication to discuss ideas. As far as bringing in your own devices it is a great idea because it saves the school money and we can still monitor your Internet access. Also for disciplinary purposes if you fail to meet the updated version of the AEP you will lose the privileges to take your laptop home with you and the time period will depend on the extent of the violation. The AEP will have to include things such as at home use and broken, stolen, or lost devices that were administered to the student. if County High School bands together to create a unified responsible student body that is willing to be educated and treat the technology seriously we have a very high success rate as to making 21st century learning work for us.

The Immortality Pill Essay -- essays research papers

Originally when I was posed this question my immediate response was to return the Immortality pill (IP). The reason I initially responded this way, and still remain set on my belief had plenty to do with the factors involved. First, if I were to take the Immortality pill I would already know my horrific demise, such as an accident, war victim, or suicide. Secondly, just as suicide effects not only the person committing the act, but more so the family and friends in that individuals life, yet the same concept is present when making the decision to take this pill. It is just as selfish to put yourself above the values of what is morally important. Thirdly, by taking this pill it would detract from the meaning and purpose of time. Time would become meaningless if there were too much of it. Lastly, you as the individual that is now immortal would in essence be playing God, by altering destiny itself. In the process, if you’re loved ones decided not to purchase and take this pill you would eventually have to witness everyone you care about around you pass on. Although extremely deceiving, there would be many negative effects on human relationships in general. There would be no need for much of the medical industry and plenty of people would lose there careers, hurting the economy tremendously. Socially, this would impact the way people relate to each other, such as â€Å"how are you felling today?†, and â€Å"sorry to hear about your mother who is ill!† I believe as sinful human beings o...